(Chapter 4) Newton’s Laws of Motion Fill in the blanks on your guided notes during the PowerPoint.
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Transcript of (Chapter 4) Newton’s Laws of Motion Fill in the blanks on your guided notes during the PowerPoint.
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(Chapter 4)
Newton’s Laws of Motion
Fill in the blanks on your guided notes during the PowerPoint
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Newton’s Laws of Motion
• To quote Bill Nye: “Consider the Following”:1. Lifting a backpack:• When you lift a backpack, you exert a force on
it that causes it to move (pull it up)• The backpack initially was at rest (not in
motion)• The force you exerted caused the backpack’s
velocity to change.
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Newton’s Laws of Motion
2. Pushing on a table:
• Push down on a table and the table does not move.
• The force you applied did not cause the velocity of the table to change.
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Newton’s Laws of Motion
• Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727) came up with three laws to explain how motion and forces are related:
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First Law of Motion
First Law of Motion aka The Law of Inertia:
• An object at rest will remain at rest and an object in motion will remain in motion with a constant speed & direction (velocity) unless acted upon by an external unbalanced force.
(Gravity and Friction are unbalanced forces)
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First Law of Motion• If an object is not pushed or pulled upon, it’s speed &
direction (velocity) will naturally remain constant….which means:
–Once moving at a steady speed in a straight line…it will continue to move at a steady speed in a straight line.
–Once standing still…it will stay still.
• (Note: a motionless object is maintaining a constant velocity of 0 m/s)
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First Law of Motion
Example: • A skateboard is at rest and doesn’t move
unless you give it a push and increases its velocity while you push it.
• After the skateboard leaves your hand, it slows down and stops because friction acts on it as it rolls.
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First Law of Motion
• Inertia: the tendency of an object to resist a change in motion.
– Objects want to remain in uniform motion in a straight line so they resist changes in speed or direction
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First Law of Motion
(Inertia Continued)– Depends on mass: Increase Mass, Increase Inertia
• Heavier objects are harder to move because they have more inertia or more resistance to change in motion.
• Pushing a heavier person on a swing is harder than pushing a lighter person.
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First Law of Motion
Example: A bowling ball and a volleyball are rolling towards you. You would have to exert a greater force on the bowling ball to make it stop. The bowling ball has more inertia than the volleyball because it has more mass.
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First Law of Motion
Example: You are pushing a cart with a box on top and come to a sudden stop, causing the box to slide off the cart. The inertia of the boxes causes them to keep moving even after the cart stops.
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First Law of MotionExample:
A car traveling at 85 mph crashes head-on with something solid, crumples, slows and finally stops within 0.1s. Anyone in the car not wearing a seatbelt continues to move forward at the same speed the car was traveling (85 mph), slamming into the windshield, dashboard etc. Note: 85mph is about the speed falling from a three-story building.
Bonus Lesson: Always wear your seatbelt!
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Second Law of Motion
Second Law of Motion:
The acceleration of an object is dependent upon the force acting upon the object and the mass of the object.
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Second Law of Motion
Newton’s Second Law can be written as the equation:
F = ma or Force = mass x acceleration
F = force (N) m= mass (kg)
a = acceleration (m/s/s or m/s2)
1N = 1kg.m/s2
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Second Law of Motion
This equation demonstrates the following two important relationships between force, mass and acceleration:
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Second Law of Motion
1. The greater the force on an object, the greater the acceleration of an object.
(Increase Force, Increase Acceleration)
Example:In baseball, if I hit a ball as hard as I can, the ball accelerates more than if I was trying to bunt the ball.
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Second Law of Motion
2. The greater the mass of an object, the smaller the acceleration.
(Increase Mass, Decrease Acceleration)
Example: In baseball, if I hit a 50 gram ball and a 25 gram ball with the same force, the 50-gram ball would go slower than the 25 gram ball because it has a greater mass.
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Second Law of Motion
Acceleration is directly proportional to the force:
*you push twice as hard and it accelerates twice as much.
(Increase Force, Increase Acceleration)
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Second Law of Motion
Acceleration is inversely proportional to the mass:
*If it gets twice the mass, it accelerates half as much.
(Increase Mass, Decrease Acceleration)
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Third Law of Motion
Third Law of Motion:
*For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction*
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Third Law of Motion
• When one object exerts a force on a second object, the second object exerts the same amount of force back on the first object but in the opposite direction.
• If a student were to jump off of a desk onto the floor, their feet
would sting. This is because the student’s feet would exert a force on the ground but the ground exerts a force back on the student’s feet, causing their feet to sting.
• You jump on a trampoline and exert a downward force while the
trampoline exerts an equal force upward, sending you high in the air.
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Momentum
Momentum: a property of a moving object that equals its mass x velocity.
Formula: P = mv
m = mass (kg) V= velocity (m/s)
P=Momentum (Kg.m/s)
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Law of Conservation of Momentum
Law of Conservation of Momentum: total momentum is conserved unless an outside force acts on the objects.
Friction is an outside force.
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Law of Conservation of Momentum
• The momentum of an object doesn’t change unless its mass, velocity or both change.
• If a group of objects exerts forces only on each other, their total momentum doesn’t change.
• Momentum can be transferred from one object to another, but none is lost.
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Gravity
Gravity: the attractive force between any two objects that depends on the mass of the objects and the distance between them.
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Gravity
• The earth is close enough and has a large enough mass that you can feel its gravitational attraction.
• The sun has much more mass than the earth, but it is too far away to notice a gravitational attraction to you.
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Gravity
The Law of Universal Gravitation: The gravitational force between two masses decreases rapidly as the distance between the masses increases.
i.e Increase Distance, Decrease Gravitational Attraction
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Gravity
Gravitational Force Equation:
F=mg
Gravitational Force (N) =
mass (kg) x gravitational acceleration (m/s2)
g=9.8 m/s2
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Gravity
Weight: the gravitational force exerted on an object
W=mg
Weight (N) =
mass (kg) x gravitational acceleration (m/s2)
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Gravity
Weight and Mass are NOT the same thing! Weight is a force and mass is a measure of the amount of matter in an object. You weigh less on the moon because gravity is 1.6 m/s2. Your mass is the same.