Chapter 4: Neo-Analytic and Ego Aspects of Personality:...

PS

K351-P

ers

on

ality

Th

eo

ries

Chapter 4:

Neo-Analytic and Ego

Aspects of Personality:

Identity

Friedman, H. S., & Schustack, M. W. (2014). Personality: Classic theories and modern research (5th ed.). Essex: Pearson Education Limited.

PS

K351-P

ers

on

ality

Th

eo

ries

Carl Jung

The mind/psyche has three parts:

◦ Ego

◦ The personal unconscious

◦ The collective unconscious

PS

K351-P

ers

on

ality

Th

eo

ries

Carl Jung

Parts of the mind:

Ego

◦ The conscious part of personality

◦ Embodies the sense of self

◦ Similar to Freud’s concept of ego

PS

K351-P

ers

on

ality

Th

eo

ries

Carl Jung

Parts of the mind:

The personal unconscious

◦ Contains thoughts that are not currently part of

conscious awareness

◦ Not only threatening and unacceptable material, but

all non-conscious material

◦ Contains past and “future” material

PS

K351-P

ers

on

ality

Th

eo

ries

Carl Jung

Parts of the mind:

The collective unconscious

◦ A deeper level of the unconscious

◦ Shared with the rest of humanity

◦ Contains archetypes

universal emotional symbols

PS

K351-P

ers

on

ality

Th

eo

ries

Carl Jung

Archetypes:

◦ Animus/Anima

Male element in a woman/female element in a man

◦ Persona and Shadow

Socially acceptable front vs. dark and unacceptable

side of personality

◦ Mother

Embodiment of generativity and fertility

◦ Hero and Demon

Strong force for good vs. cruelty and evil

PS

K351-P

ers

on

ality

Th

eo

ries

Carl Jung

Complexes

◦ A “complex” is a group of emotionally charged

thoughts that are related to a particular theme

◦ Jung created a word association test to study

complexes

◦ The pattern of words produced reveals the complex

PS

K351-P

ers

on

ality

Th

eo

ries

Carl Jung

The four functions of the mind:

◦ Sensing

◦ Thinking

◦ Feeling

◦ Intuiting

PS

K351-P

ers

on

ality

Th

eo

ries

Carl Jung

Sensing (duyum)

◦ “Is something there?” What do we see or hear?

Thinking (düşünme)

◦ “What is it that is there?” What does it mean?

Feeling (hissetme)

◦ “What is it worth?” Is it something valuable?”

intuiting (sezgi)

◦ “Where did it come from and where is it going?”

PS

K351-P

ers

on

ality

Th

eo

ries

Carl Jung

The two major attitudes of the mind:

Extroversion

◦ Directs psychic energy toward things in the external

world

Introversion

◦ Directs psychic energy inward

PS

K351-P

ers

on

ality

Th

eo

ries

Carl Jung

8 types

◦ 4 functions x 2 attitudes

Typology

◦ Each person has a “best fit” to one type

◦ Determined by the person’s dominant function and dominant attitude

Forms the basis of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

PS

K351-P

ers

on

ality

Th

eo

ries

Alfred Adler

“Individual Psychology”

Emphasizes the importance of social conditions on personality

Three fundamental social issues:

◦ Occupational tasks

◦ Societal tasks

◦ Love tasks

Expansion of Freud’s approach to increase emphasis on society and social relations

PS

K351-P

ers

on

ality

Th

eo

ries

Alfred Adler

Striving for superiority

◦ The central core of personality

◦ Inferiority complex

◦ Superiority complex (compensating for sense of

inferiority)

Organ inferiority—everyone is born with some

physical weakness

PS

K351-P

ers

on

ality

Th

eo

ries

Alfred Adler

Aggression drive

◦ the drive to lash out against the inability to achieve

something

◦ A reaction to perceived helplessness

Masculine protest

◦ the individual’s attempt to be competent and

independent (both boys and girls)

PS

K351-P

ers

on

ality

Th

eo

ries

Alfred Adler

Superiority striving

◦ Striving to obtain power and superiority over one’s

own inferiority

Perfection striving

◦ Striving to meet fictional goals

◦ Fictional goals reflect an individual's view of

perfection

PS

K351-P

ers

on

ality

Th

eo

ries

Alfred Adler

Birth order and family dynamics

◦ First-born children

◦ Second-born children

◦ Last-born children

Current findings

◦ Frank Sulloway

First born: success and achievement

Later born: revolutionary and creative

PS

K351-P

ers

on

ality

Th

eo

ries

Alfred Adler

Personality Typology

Adler's type Social

Interest

Activity Greek

Humor

Ruling-Dominant Low High Yellow bile

Getting-Leaning Low Low Phlegm

Avoiding Very low Low Black bile

Socially Useful High High Blood

PS

K351-P

ers

on

ality

Th

eo

ries

Karen Horney

Feminist neo-analytic theory

Rejection of Freudian notion of penis envy

Envy of masculine freedoms and privileges

PS

K351-P

ers

on

ality

Th

eo

ries

Karen Horney

Basic anxiety—a child’s fear of being alone,

helpless, and insecure

Styles of coping with basic anxiety

◦ Passive (complying)

◦ Aggressive (fighting)

◦ Withdrawn (disengaging)

PS

K351-P

ers

on

ality

Th

eo

ries

Karen Horney

Different aspects of the self

◦ Real self

The inner core of personality

◦ Despised self

Feelings of inferiority and shortcomings

◦ Ideal self

One’s view of perfection

“Tyranny of the should”

Goal of psychoanalysis is acceptance of the Real

Self

PS

K351-P

ers

on

ality

Th

eo

ries

Karen Horney

When alienated from the Real Self, people develop

neurotic coping strategies

◦ Moving toward

Striving to make others happy and gain love

◦ Moving against

Striving for power and recognition

◦ Moving away

Withdrawal of emotional investment

PS

K351-P

ers

on

ality

Th

eo

ries

Other Neo-Analysts

Anna Freud

◦ Emphasized social influences on the ego

◦ Gave the ego more power

◦ Studied children and teens

Heinz Hartmann

◦ The “father of ego psychology”

◦ Gave the ego more autonomy

◦ Id and ego in compensatory relationship

PS

K351-P

ers

on

ality

Th

eo

ries

Other Neo-Analysts

Focus on the importance of relations with

others in defining ourselves

Margaret Mahler

◦ Theory of symbiosis (mother-child)

Symbiotic psychotic (no sense of self)

Normal symbiotic (healthy ego)

◦ Emphasized the importance of parenting skills

PS

K351-P

ers

on

ality

Th

eo

ries

Object Relations Theories

Melanie Klein

◦ The first significant child psychoanalyst

◦ Developed technique of play therapy

Heinz Kohut

◦ Fear of loss (of parent)

◦ Narcissistic personality disorder

PS

K351-P

ers

on

ality

Th

eo

ries

Erik Erikson

Neoanalytic stage theory

Continues throughout life

Unlike Freudian psychoanalytic theory, not

focused on libido and sexual gratification

Structured as a series of “ego crises” to be

resolved

◦ Outcome of successful resolution of each stage is an

“ego skill” mastered

PS

K351-P

ers

on

ality

Th

eo

ries

Erik Erikson

Erikson’s Stage Theory (early stages)

Ego Crisis Ego Skill

Gained

Age

Trust vs. Mistrust Hope Infancy

Autonomy vs. Shame Will Early Childhood

Initiative vs. Guilt Purpose Early to mid-childhood

Industry vs. Inferiority Competence Mid- to late childhood

PS

K351-P

ers

on

ality

Th

eo

ries

Erik Erikson

Erikson’s Stage Theory (later stages)

Ego Crisis Ego

Skill

Gained

Age

Identity vs. Role Confusion Loyalty Teenage years

Intimacy vs. Isolation Love Early adulthood

Generativity vs. Stagnation Caring Middle adulthood

Ego Integrity vs. Despair Wisdom Late adulthood

PS

K351-P

ers

on

ality

Th

eo

ries

Timeline:

Neo-Analytic and Ego Approach

Developments in Neo-Analytic and Ego Aspects

Societal and Scientific Context

People were thought to derive their identity mostly from their position in life (woman, lord, minister)

before 1800

Humans are seen primarily in religious or philosophical terms; children often not differentiated from adults

Scholars in Europe gathered around Freud begin considering expansion of his ideas beyond libido

1880s-1900

Increasing attention to evolution and reproduction

PS

K351-P

ers

on

ality

Th

eo

ries

Timeline:




Neo-analysts begin break with Freud; Jung proposes collective unconscious

1910-1930

Increasing technology and industrialization; anthropological discoveries

Adler and Horney shift focus to the child's social world; object relations theories develop

1910s-1940s

Victorian era with patriarchal families gives way to women's suffragist movements; child psychiatry develops

PS

K351-P

ers

on

ality

Th

eo

ries

Timeline:




Erikson and others shift identity study to consider the full life-span

1940s-1960s

People live longer lives; traditional sex roles and work roles break down

Modern theorists focus directly on identity, in terms, life tasks, self-monitoring, self-presentation, and attachments

1960s-1980s

Increasing individual freedom and pursuit of goals; less formal social structure and increased mobility and education

PS

K351-P

ers

on

ality

Th

eo

ries

Timeline:




Goals and motivations attract new interest

1990s-2000s

Schools, corporations, sports teams look to increase performance

PS

K351-P

ers

on

ality

Th

eo

ries


Analogy

◦ Humans are conscious actors and strivers

PS

K351-P

ers

on

ality

Th

eo

ries


Advantages

◦ Importance of the goal-oriented nature of humans

◦ Acknowledges impact of society and culture

◦ Development continues throughout the life cycle

◦ Emphasizes the self as it struggles to cope with

emotions on the inside and the demands of the world

on the outside

PS

K351-P

ers

on

ality

Th

eo

ries


Limits

◦ Unconcerned with biology and fixed personality

structures

◦ A hodgepodge of different ideas from different

traditions

◦ Relies on abstract or vague concepts

PS

K351-P

ers

on

ality

Th

eo

ries


View of free will

◦ Though personality is largely determined by

unconscious forces, individuals do have the ability to

overcome these

PS

K351-P

ers

on

ality

Th

eo

ries


Common assessment techniques

◦ Varies from free association to situational and

autobiographical study, with an emphasis on self-

concept

PS

K351-P

ers

on

ality

Th

eo

ries


Implications for therapy

◦ As with psychoanalytic therapy, insight into inner

motives is key

◦ But because the ego is central, there is less concern

with unconscious motivation

Chapter 4: Neo-Analytic and Ego Aspects of Personality:...

Documents

Transcript of Chapter 4: Neo-Analytic and Ego Aspects of Personality:...