CHAPTER 4 - Literature Review

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    Documentation of a comprehend review of apublished and unpublished work fromsecondary sources of data in the areas ofspecific interest to the researcher.

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    Reasons for LR:

    1. To ensure that no important variables thathas been found in the past been foundrepeatedly.

    2. Helps the researcher to include all the

    relevant variables in the research project.3. Facilitates the creative integration of the

    information gathered from the structuredand unstructured interviews with what is

    found in previous studies.

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    Steps in Conducting LR:

    1) Identify the various published andunpublished materials that are available onthe topics of interest and gaining access to

    these. Data sources:

    a. Textbooks e. unpublished manuscript

    b. Journals f. reports

    c. Theses g. newspaper & Internetd. Conference proceedings

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    2) Gathering the relevant information either bygoing through the necessary materials in a

    library or by getting access to onlinesources.

    3) Writing up the Literature Review.

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    Compare and

    contrast different

    authors view on an

    issue

    Note areas in which

    authors are in

    disagreement

    Highlight gaps in

    research

    Show how your

    study relate to

    previous studies

    Conclude by

    summarising what

    the literature says

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    Define and identify general topic

    Point out overall trends in what has been published

    Established your point of view for reviewing the literature

    Introduction

    Summarize the articles that have been reviewed.

    Determine the comparative with your research area.Body

    Summarize major contribution of significant studies/

    articles to the body of knowledgeConclusion

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    This study will extend.

    Previous work were limited to,I propose to

    It has been suggested by previous research that.. be in investigated

    further

    Until now it has not been possible to.. However, my research will.

    Until now, this issue/area has not been understood, however, I will.

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    Reporting Verbs Category

    Acknowledge Author conceding a point ofpotential weaknesses

    Argue/ establish/ find/ claim Author making a point todevelop/ justify her/his argument

    Assume/ take for granted Author not fully arguing a point

    Challenge/ reject/support Authors references to otherauthors

    Focus on/ insist/note/ observe Authors drawing readersattention to a particular attention

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    Sample of LR (APA format)

    sample_apa_style_litreview[1].pdf

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    American Association Psychological (APA)Format1. Your list of works cited should begin at the end of

    the paper on a new page with the centered title,

    References.2. Alphabetize the entries in your list by the author's

    last name, using the letter-by-letter system(ignore spaces and other punctuation.

    3. Only the initials of the first and middle names aregiven.

    4. If the author's name is unknown, alphabetize bythe title, ignoring any A, An, or The.

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    5. For dates, spell out the names of months inthe text of your paper.

    6. Use either the day-month-year style (22July 1999) or the month-day-year style (July22, 1999) and be consistent.

    7. All APA citations should use hanging

    indents, that is, the first line of an entryshould be flush left, and the second andsubsequent lines should be indented 1/2".

    8. If there is more than one author, use an

    ampersand (&) before the name of the lastauthor. If there are more than six authors,list only the first one and use et al. for therest.

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    Books Format:

    Author's last name, first initial. (Publicationdate). Book title. Additional information. Cityof publication: Publishing company.

    Examples:

    Allen, T. (1974). Vanishing wildlife of NorthAmerica. Washington, D.C.: National GeographicSociety.

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    Encyclopedia & Dictionary Format:

    Author's last name, first initial. (Date). Title ofArticle. Title of Encyclopedia(Volume, pages).City of publication: Publishing company.

    Examples: Bergmann, P. G. (1993). Relativity. In The new

    encyclopedia britannica(Vol. 26, pp. 501-508). Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica.

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    Magazine & Newspaper Articles Format:

    Author's last name, first initial. (Publicationdate). Article title. Periodical title, volumenumber(issue number if available), inclusivepages.

    Examples: Harlow, H. F. (1983). Fundamentals for

    preparing psychology journal articles.Journal

    of Comparative and Physiological Psychology,55, 893-896.

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    Website or WebpageNote: When citing Internet sources, refer to thespecific website document. If a document is

    undated, use "n.d." (for no date) immediately afterthe document title. Break a lengthy URL that goesto another line after a slash or before a period.

    Examples: Devitt, T. (2001, August 2). Lightning injures four

    at music festival. The Why? Files. Retrieved January23, 2002, from

    http://whyfiles.org/137lightning/index.html

    Dove, R. (1998). Lady freedom among us. TheElectronic Text Center. Retrieved June 19, 1998,from Alderman Library, University of Virginiawebsite:http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/subjects/afam

    .html