Chapter 4 Information Technology in Business: Hardware
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Transcript of Chapter 4 Information Technology in Business: Hardware
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Chapter 4
Information Technology in Business:
Hardware
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The Central Tool of Modern Information Systems
Four Basic Functions of ComputersAccept dataProcess dataStore data and instructionsOutput data
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3All computers have the same basic components.
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4Organizations have moved from using large mainframes to using networked PCs.
The Central Tool of Modern Information Systems
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Computers Communicating: Bits And Bytes
Computer recognizes two states: on or off
Each on or off signal represents a bit (binary digit)
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A Peek Inside the Computer
Figure 4.6 A look inside a computer
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A Peek Inside the Computer
The Central Processing Unit (CPU) The brain of the computer Microprocessor
Carries signals that execute all processing Two Components:
Control unitArithmetic logic unit (ALU)
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Microprocessor
Microprocessor Silicon chip embedded with transistors,
or semiconductors letter D : 11000100
Schematic of how circuits on a chip would be open and closed to represent the letter D in EBCDIC (11000100)
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9What happens inside the CPU in one machine cycle executing the operation 7 + 5
–CPU’s execution of four functions:
1.Fetch 2. Decode 3.Execute 4. Store
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Machine Cycle
Machine Cycle CPU’s execution of four functions:
Fetch Decode Execute Store
Functions measured in small fractions of a second
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Memory Internal Memory
Random access memory (RAM) Read-only memory (ROM)
External Memory Magnetic disks, magnetic tapes, optical discs
TYPES OF MEMORY
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Computer Power Clock rate (measured in cycles per second)
Amount of information the CPU can process per second
1Mhz= 1 million Machine Cycle
Speed determined only by combination of both factors
Computer Power
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Input Devices
Keyboard
Mouse, Trackball, and Track Pad
Touch Screen
Source Data Input Devices
Imaging
Speech Recognition
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Output Devices
Soft-Copy Output Devices Cathode-Ray Tube (CRT) Monitor Flat-Panel Monitor Speech Output
Hardcopy Output Devices Nonimpact Printers (most common) Impact Printers
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External Storage Media
Important Properties to ConsiderCapacitySpeedCost
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External Storage Media
Magnetic Tapes
Magnetic Disks
Optical Discs (Compact Discs)
Optical Tapes
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External Storage Media
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Classification of Computers
Supercomputers The largest, most powerful, and most expensive Used by universities, research institutions, and large
corporations
Mainframe Computers Less powerful and less expensive than
supercomputers Used by businesses with large amounts of data that
need to be stored in a central computer
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Classification of Computers
Minicomputers Often used as the host computer in a network of
smaller computers Priced in the tens of thousands to a few hundred
thousand dollars Manufacturers: DEC (VAX), IBM (AS/400),
and Hewlett-Packard
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Compatibility
Software and peripheral devices from one computer can be used with another computer.
In a networked environment, computers need to communicate to share databases and other computing resources.
In addition to power and cost, compatibility is an extremely important factor in purchasing decisions.
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Considerations in Purchasing Hardware
What should you consider when buying hardware? Power -- speed, size of memory, storage capacity
Expansion and upgrade capability
Ports for external devices like printers, hard disks, communication devices
Ergonomics: Keyboard, Monitor
Vendor reliability, warranty policy, vendor support
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Factor What to Look For•Power Greater frequency and word size, larger
•Expandability Greater number of board slots for additional RAM
•Ports Greater number of ports for printer, external hard disk, communication devices and other peripherals
•Ergonomics Greater comfort and safety
•Compatibility Comparability with many other computers and peripheral devices, as swell as software packages
•Footprint Smaller area
•Support Availability of telephone and on-line support for troubleshooting
•Warranty Longer warranty period
•Cost Lower cost
Considerations in Purchasing Hardware
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SEQUENTIAL & PARALLEL PROCESSING
SEQUENTIAL PARALLELSEQUENTIAL PARALLEL
TASK 1
RESULT
TASK 2
RESULT
ProgramProgram
CPUCPU
ProgramProgram
CPUCPU
ProgramProgram
CPUCPUTASK 2TASK 2
CPUCPUTASK 3TASK 3
CPUCPUTASK 1TASK 1
RESULTRESULT
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CLIENT SERVERREQUESTS
DATA, SERVICE
USER INTERFACE
APPLICATION
FUNCTION
DATA
APPLICATION FUNCTION
NETWORK RESOURCES
CLIENT / SERVER