Chapter 4: Fingerprints: History and Anatomy “Fingerprints can not lie, but liars can make...
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Transcript of Chapter 4: Fingerprints: History and Anatomy “Fingerprints can not lie, but liars can make...
Chapter 4:Chapter 4: Fingerprints:Fingerprints:
History and AnatomyHistory and Anatomy
“Fingerprints can not lie, but liars can make fingerprints.”
—Unknown
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 2Chapter 4
DactyloscopyDactyloscopyThe study of fingerprintsThe study of fingerprints
Historically William Herschel—required Indians to put their
fingerprints/palm prints on contracts as a means of frightening the businessmen from committing fraud
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 3Chapter 4
DactyloscopyDactyloscopy
Henry Faulds claimed that fingerprints did not change over time and that they could be classified for identification
He is also credited with the first fingerprint identification of a greasy fingerprint left on an alcohol bottle
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 4Chapter 4
DactyloscopyDactyloscopy
Alphonse Bertillon—proposed body measurements as a means of identification; termed anthropometry
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 5Chapter 4
AnthropometryAnthropometry
There were eleven measurements:Height Stretch: Length of body from left
shoulder to right middle finger when arm
is raised Bust: Length of torso from head to seat, taken when seated Length of head: Crown to forehead Width of head: Temple to temple Length of right ear Length of left foot Length of left middle finger Length of left cubit: Elbow to tip of middle finger Width of cheeks Length of left little finger
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 6Chapter 4
Dactyloscopy (cont’d)Dactyloscopy (cont’d)
Francis Galton developed a primary classification scheme based on loops, arches and whorls.
Published a book Fingerprints establishing the individuality and permanence of fingerprints
According to his calculations, the odds of two individual fingerprints being the same were 1 in 64 billion.
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 7Chapter 4
DactyloscopyDactyloscopy
Edward Richard Henry—in collaboration with Galton instituted a numerical classification system
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 8Chapter 4
DactyloscopyDactyloscopy
Juan Vucetich—developed a fingerprint classification based on Galton’s that is used in Spanish-speaking countries
Juan Vucetich made the first criminal fingerprint identification in 1892. He was able to identify Francis Rojas, a woman who murdered her two sons and cut her own throat in an attempt to place blame on another. Her bloody print was left on a door post, proving her identity as the murderer.
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 9Chapter 4
What Are Ridge Patterns?What Are Ridge Patterns?
Three theories: Evolutionary development that provides better
grip Makes perspiration easier on a hairless surface Improves the sense of touch
Apes and monkey have ridge patterns on fingers and toes
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 10Chapter 4
Anatomy of a FingerprintAnatomy of a Fingerprint
Consists of two main layers: Epidermis (outer layer)
Outer layer of epidermis is deadInner layer of epidermis is living
Dermis (inner layer) Contains collagen fibers, blood vessels, nerve endings, glands,
sensory receptors, smooth muscles, and hair follicles
Underneath dermis is a layer of fat called the hypodermis
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 11Chapter 4
Anatomy of a FingerprintAnatomy of a Fingerprint
Dermis contains sweat and sebaceous (oil) glands Sweat glands help control body
temperature
Sebaceous glands produce oils called sebum Helps keep epidermis flexible and waterproof
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 12Chapter 4
Anatomy of a FingerprintAnatomy of a Fingerprint
Dermal papillae separates the epidermis from the dermis
If an injury occurs above the papillae, fingerprint will be replaced
If an injury across the papillae, scar will mostly occur and fingerprint will be slightly altered
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 13Chapter 4
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 14Chapter 4
Fundamental PrinciplesFundamental Principlesof Fingerprintsof Fingerprints
A fingerprint is an individual characteristic.
A fingerprint will remain unchanged during
an individual’s lifetime.
Fingerprints have general characteristic ridge
patterns that permit them to be
systematically classified.
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 15Chapter 4
LoopLoop
A loop must have one or more ridges entering and exiting from the same side. Loops must have one delta.
Types Radial—opens toward the
thumb Ulnar—opens toward the
“pinky” (little finger) Which type of loop is this, if it
is on the right hand? Left hand?
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 16Chapter 4
WhorlWhorl
A plain or central pocket whorl has at least one ridge that makes a complete circuit. A double loop is made of two loops. An accidental is a pattern not covered by other categories. Whorls have at least two deltas and a core.
Types Plain Central Pocket Double Loop Accidental
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 17Chapter 4
ArchArch
An arch has friction ridges that enter on one side of the finger and cross to the other side while rising upward in the middle. They do NOT have type lines, deltas, or cores.
Types Plain Tented
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 18Chapter 4
Ridge CharacteristicsRidge Characteristics
Minutiae characteristics of ridge patterns
Ridge ending Short ridge Dot or fragment Bifurcation Double bifurcation Trifurcation Bridge Island Enclosure Spur
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 19Chapter 4
Fingerprint MinutiaeFingerprint Minutiae
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 20Chapter 4
http://www.trutv.com/shows/forensic_files/games/fingerprint/index.html