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CHAPTER 4CHAPTER 4Experience of Empire Experience of Empire Eighteenth-Century AmericaEighteenth-Century America
America Past and Present, Eighth EditionAmerica Past and Present, Eighth EditionDivine Divine Breen Breen Fredrickson Fredrickson Williams Williams Gross Gross Brand Brand
Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman
Growth and DiversityGrowth and Diversity 1700-1750—colonial population rose 1700-1750—colonial population rose
from 250,000 to over two millionfrom 250,000 to over two million Much growth through natural increase Much growth through natural increase Large influx of non-English EuropeansLarge influx of non-English Europeans 800 miles along Appalachian Range from 800 miles along Appalachian Range from
western Pennsylvania to western western Pennsylvania to western GeorgiaGeorgia
Frontier complex, fluid, and violent Frontier complex, fluid, and violent mixture of Europeans, Native Americans mixture of Europeans, Native Americans and African Americansand African Americans
Distribution of European and Distribution of European and African Immigrants in the African Immigrants in the Thirteen ColoniesThirteen Colonies
Scots-Irish Flee English Scots-Irish Flee English OppressionOppression
Largest non-English groupLargest non-English group The Scots fled England for Ireland, and The Scots fled England for Ireland, and
then the Scots-Irish to North Americathen the Scots-Irish to North America Concentrated on the Pennsylvania Concentrated on the Pennsylvania
frontier frontier Quick to challenge authorityQuick to challenge authority
Germans Search for a Germans Search for a Better LifeBetter Life
First waves similar to Quakers and sought First waves similar to Quakers and sought religious tolerationreligious toleration
Later waves sought to improve their Later waves sought to improve their material conditionmaterial condition
Admired as peaceful, hard-working farmersAdmired as peaceful, hard-working farmers Tried to preserve German language and Tried to preserve German language and
customs customs Aroused the prejudice of English neighborsAroused the prejudice of English neighbors Scots-Irish and Germans spread into Scots-Irish and Germans spread into
Shenandoah Valley Shenandoah Valley
Convict Settlers Convict Settlers Transportation Act of 1718 allowed judges Transportation Act of 1718 allowed judges
to send convicted felons to American to send convicted felons to American coloniescolonies
50,000 convicts to America, 1718-177550,000 convicts to America, 1718-1775 Some felons were dangerous criminalsSome felons were dangerous criminals Most had committed minor crimes against Most had committed minor crimes against
property property Life difficult for transported convictsLife difficult for transported convicts
British praised system; colonists deplored British praised system; colonists deplored itit
Native Americans Stake Out a Native Americans Stake Out a Middle GroundMiddle Ground
Disease and European settled Disease and European settled agricultural practices made it difficult for agricultural practices made it difficult for Europeans and Natives to coexistEuropeans and Natives to coexist
Many eastern Indians moved into trans-Many eastern Indians moved into trans-Appalachian regionAppalachian region A “middle ground” where no colonial power A “middle ground” where no colonial power
was yet establishedwas yet established Remnants of different Indian peoples re-Remnants of different Indian peoples re-
grouped, formed new nationsgrouped, formed new nations
Native Americans Stake Out a Native Americans Stake Out a Middle GroundMiddle Ground
Native Americans continued to trade with Native Americans continued to trade with Europeans for metal goods and weaponsEuropeans for metal goods and weapons
Goal of Native American confederacies was to Goal of Native American confederacies was to maintain strong, independent voice in maintain strong, independent voice in commercial exchangescommercial exchanges Play English and French against each otherPlay English and French against each other
Increased individual commercial interaction Increased individual commercial interaction eroded traditional Native American structures eroded traditional Native American structures of authorityof authority
Over time, Native American population Over time, Native American population declined in “middle ground”declined in “middle ground”
Spanish Borderlands of the Spanish Borderlands of the Eighteenth CenturyEighteenth Century
Spain occupied a large part of America Spain occupied a large part of America north of Mexico since sixteenth centurynorth of Mexico since sixteenth century
Range from Florida Peninsula to Range from Florida Peninsula to CaliforniaCalifornia
Multicultural, interdependent society Multicultural, interdependent society created of Spaniards and Native created of Spaniards and Native AmericansAmericans
Conquering the Northern Conquering the Northern FrontierFrontier
Spanish presence established in late Spanish presence established in late 1500s1500s
El PopEl Popé led Pueblo Revolt in 1680 é led Pueblo Revolt in 1680 Spanish re-established control in 1692Spanish re-established control in 1692 St. Augustine, a Spanish military outpost, St. Augustine, a Spanish military outpost,
unattractive to settlersunattractive to settlers 1769—belated Spanish mission 1769—belated Spanish mission
settlements in California to prevent settlements in California to prevent Russian claimsRussian claims
Peoples of the Spanish Peoples of the Spanish BorderlandsBorderlands
Slow growth of Spanish population in Slow growth of Spanish population in borderlandsborderlands Mainly males: priests, soldiers, and Mainly males: priests, soldiers, and
administratorsadministrators Spanish influence over Native AmericansSpanish influence over Native Americans
Spanish exploited native laborSpanish exploited native labor Natives resisted conversion to CatholicismNatives resisted conversion to Catholicism
Spanish influenced region’s architecture Spanish influenced region’s architecture and languageand language
The Spanish Borderlands, The Spanish Borderlands, ca. 1770ca. 1770
The Impact of European Ideas The Impact of European Ideas on American Cultureon American Culture
Rapid change in eighteenth-century Rapid change in eighteenth-century coloniescolonies
Growth of urban cosmopolitan cultureGrowth of urban cosmopolitan culture Aggressive participation in consumptionAggressive participation in consumption
Provincial CitiesProvincial Cities Only about 5% of populationOnly about 5% of population Five largest cities: Boston, Newport, New Five largest cities: Boston, Newport, New
York, Philadelphia, and Charles Town York, Philadelphia, and Charles Town Economies were geared to commerce, Economies were geared to commerce,
not manufacturingnot manufacturing Inhabitants emulated English culture, Inhabitants emulated English culture,
fashion, and architecturefashion, and architecture Cities were becoming more elegantCities were becoming more elegant
American EnlightenmentAmerican Enlightenment
Intellectual movement that swept Europe with Intellectual movement that swept Europe with new, radical ideasnew, radical ideas Age of ReasonAge of Reason
The Enlightenment’s basic assumptions The Enlightenment’s basic assumptions Optimistic view of human natureOptimistic view of human nature God set up the universe and human society to God set up the universe and human society to
operate by mechanistic, natural lawsoperate by mechanistic, natural laws Those laws can be found through reasonThose laws can be found through reason
Mixed reception in AmericaMixed reception in America Americans defended church, embraced search for Americans defended church, embraced search for
practical ways of improving lifepractical ways of improving life
Benjamin FranklinBenjamin Franklin
Franklin (1706-1790) regarded as Franklin (1706-1790) regarded as Enlightenment thinker by EuropeansEnlightenment thinker by Europeans
Started as printer, then satirist in BostonStarted as printer, then satirist in Boston Emulated British stylesEmulated British styles Moved to PhiladelphiaMoved to Philadelphia
Achieved wealth through printing businessAchieved wealth through printing business Made important scientific discoveries and Made important scientific discoveries and
inventionsinventions Symbol of material progress through human Symbol of material progress through human
ingenuity ingenuity
Economic TransformationEconomic Transformation
Long-term period of economic and Long-term period of economic and population growthpopulation growth
England added to existing base of England added to existing base of mercantilist rules from 1710s-1750smercantilist rules from 1710s-1750s Colonial manufacture or trade of timber, Colonial manufacture or trade of timber,
sugar, hats, and iron restrictedsugar, hats, and iron restricted Regulations not enforcedRegulations not enforced
Trade was mainly with England and Trade was mainly with England and West Indies; little with AfricaWest Indies; little with Africa
Birth of a Consumer SocietyBirth of a Consumer Society English mass-production of consumer English mass-production of consumer
goods stimulated rise in colonial imports goods stimulated rise in colonial imports Americans built up large debts to English Americans built up large debts to English
merchants to finance increased importsmerchants to finance increased imports Trade between colonies increasedTrade between colonies increased
Inter-coastal tradeInter-coastal trade Great Wagon Road in the backcountryGreat Wagon Road in the backcountry
Eroded regional and local identitiesEroded regional and local identities Allowed Americans a chance to learn Allowed Americans a chance to learn
about one anotherabout one another
The Great Wagon RoadThe Great Wagon Road
Religious Revivals in Religious Revivals in Provincial SocietiesProvincial Societies
The Great Awakening The Great Awakening Spontaneous, evangelical revivalsSpontaneous, evangelical revivals People began to re-think basic assumptions People began to re-think basic assumptions
about church and state, institutions and about church and state, institutions and societysociety
The Great AwakeningThe Great Awakening
Movement occurred among many Movement occurred among many denominations in different places at denominations in different places at different timesdifferent times New England in the 1730s, Virginia in the New England in the 1730s, Virginia in the
1750s and 1760s1750s and 1760s Jonathan Edwards sparked it Jonathan Edwards sparked it
Reminded people of omnipotent God and Reminded people of omnipotent God and predestination predestination
Reaction to ministers going “soft” on Reaction to ministers going “soft” on populationpopulation
The Voice of Evangelical The Voice of Evangelical ReligionReligion
George Whitefield a dynamic personality and George Whitefield a dynamic personality and speaker who sustained the revivalsspeaker who sustained the revivals Preached outdoor sermons to thousands of people in Preached outdoor sermons to thousands of people in
nearly every colonynearly every colony Skilled entrepreneur and promoterSkilled entrepreneur and promoter
Itinerant ministers followed Whitefield’s exampleItinerant ministers followed Whitefield’s example Split established churches into “new lights” and “old Split established churches into “new lights” and “old
lights”lights” Despite outbursts of anti-intellectualism, “new Despite outbursts of anti-intellectualism, “new
lights” formed collegeslights” formed colleges Princeton, Dartmouth, Brown, and RutgersPrinceton, Dartmouth, Brown, and Rutgers
The Voice of Evangelical The Voice of Evangelical ReligionReligion
Gave voice to those traditionally silencedGave voice to those traditionally silenced Richard Allen and the African Methodist Richard Allen and the African Methodist
Episcopal ChurchEpiscopal Church The Awakening promoted a democratic, The Awakening promoted a democratic,
evangelical union of national scopeevangelical union of national scope Revivalists held optimistic attitudes Revivalists held optimistic attitudes
toward America’s religious role in world toward America’s religious role in world historyhistory
Fostered sense of American unityFostered sense of American unity
Clash of Political CulturesClash of Political Cultures
Colonists attempted to emulate British Colonists attempted to emulate British political institutions political institutions
Effort led to discovery of how different Effort led to discovery of how different they were from English peoplethey were from English people
The English ConstitutionThe English Constitution The British Constitution universally The British Constitution universally
admiredadmired Not a written document, but a system of Not a written document, but a system of
government based on statute, court government based on statute, court decision, and common lawdecision, and common law
Believed to balance monarchy (king), Believed to balance monarchy (king), aristocracy (House of Lords), and the aristocracy (House of Lords), and the people (House of Commons)people (House of Commons)
Balance believed to guarantee libertiesBalance believed to guarantee liberties
The Reality of British PoliticsThe Reality of British Politics
Less than 20% of English males could Less than 20% of English males could votevote
““Rotten boroughs” Rotten boroughs” Corrupt members of ParliamentCorrupt members of Parliament ““Commonwealthmen” spoke against Commonwealthmen” spoke against
corruption, urged return to truly balanced corruption, urged return to truly balanced constitution constitution
Governing the Colonies: Governing the Colonies: The American Experience The American Experience
Colonists attempted to model England’s Colonists attempted to model England’s balanced constitutionbalanced constitution
Royal governors: mid-level, ambitious Royal governors: mid-level, ambitious bureaucratsbureaucrats
More powers than king in EnglandMore powers than king in England Veto legislationVeto legislation Dismiss judgesDismiss judges Command provincial militaryCommand provincial military
Governors’ councils steadily lost Governors’ councils steadily lost influenceinfluence
Governing the Colonies: Governing the Colonies: The American ExperienceThe American Experience
““Middle-class democracies”Middle-class democracies” Higher percentage of the population had Higher percentage of the population had
suffrage than in Britain, but little exercisesuffrage than in Britain, but little exercise Women and non-whites excludedWomen and non-whites excluded Potential to expel officials always there Potential to expel officials always there
and checked abuse of powerand checked abuse of power
Colonial AssembliesColonial Assemblies
Felt obligation to preserve colonial libertiesFelt obligation to preserve colonial liberties Assemblies controlled colony’s financesAssemblies controlled colony’s finances No incentive for assembly to cooperate with No incentive for assembly to cooperate with
governorsgovernors Governors relied on local elitesGovernors relied on local elites Exercised extreme vigilance against the spread Exercised extreme vigilance against the spread
of privileged powerof privileged power Similar system of assemblies facing similar Similar system of assemblies facing similar
problems laid foundation for a larger cultural problems laid foundation for a larger cultural identityidentity
Century of Imperial WarCentury of Imperial War
Britain’s conflicts with continental rivals Britain’s conflicts with continental rivals like France spilled over to colonieslike France spilled over to colonies
Security threats from these conflicts Security threats from these conflicts forced colonists into more military and forced colonists into more military and political cooperationpolitical cooperation
British colonies overwhelmingly militarily British colonies overwhelmingly militarily superior to New France but ineffectivesuperior to New France but ineffective
North America, 1750North America, 1750
King William’s King William’s and Queen Anne’s Warsand Queen Anne’s Wars
King William’s War (1689-1697) King William’s War (1689-1697) French frontier raids on New York and New EnglandFrench frontier raids on New York and New England
Queen Anne’s War (1702-1713)Queen Anne’s War (1702-1713) Bloody fighting across entire frontierBloody fighting across entire frontier
European diplomats more concerned with European diplomats more concerned with balance of power in Europe than military balance of power in Europe than military situation in North Americasituation in North America
King William’s and Queen King William’s and Queen Anne’s WarsAnne’s Wars
Wars fought for control of the Mississippi Wars fought for control of the Mississippi River ValleyRiver Valley
France extended its presence from France extended its presence from Canada into LouisianaCanada into Louisiana
British saw French expansion as British saw French expansion as encirclementencirclement
Native Americans tried to hold middle Native Americans tried to hold middle groundground Iroquois favored BritishIroquois favored British Algonquian favored French Algonquian favored French
King George’s War and Its King George’s War and Its AftermathAftermath
Fought 1743-1748Fought 1743-1748 1745—New England troops captured Fort 1745—New England troops captured Fort
Louisbourg on Cape Breton Island Louisbourg on Cape Breton Island 1748—Louisbourg returned to France by 1748—Louisbourg returned to France by
Treaty of Aix-la-ChappelleTreaty of Aix-la-Chappelle French built Fort Duquesne to keep British from French built Fort Duquesne to keep British from
seizing Ohio River Valley seizing Ohio River Valley Virginians under George Washington failed to Virginians under George Washington failed to
expel Frenchexpel French Showed one colony alone could not defeat FrenchShowed one colony alone could not defeat French
Albany Congress and Braddock’s Albany Congress and Braddock’s Defeat: Albany PlanDefeat: Albany Plan
Albany Congress, 1754Albany Congress, 1754 Benjamin Franklin’s idea of central colonial Benjamin Franklin’s idea of central colonial
government government Elected representatives decide on matters of defense, Elected representatives decide on matters of defense,
western expansion, and relations with Native Americanswestern expansion, and relations with Native Americans Could levy taxes to support its operationsCould levy taxes to support its operations
Albany Plan failed, disliked by English and Albany Plan failed, disliked by English and AmericansAmericans Colonial assemblies protective of their right of taxationColonial assemblies protective of their right of taxation Parliament saw plan as undermining its power over Parliament saw plan as undermining its power over
coloniescolonies
Albany Congress and Braddock’s Albany Congress and Braddock’s Defeat: Braddock’s DefeatDefeat: Braddock’s Defeat
1755—General Edward Braddock led 1755—General Edward Braddock led force to drive French from Ohio Valley force to drive French from Ohio Valley
Braddock’s army ambushed, destroyedBraddock’s army ambushed, destroyed French still in control of Ohio River ValleyFrench still in control of Ohio River Valley
Seven Years’ WarSeven Years’ War
1756—England declared war on France 1756—England declared war on France Prime Minister William Pitt shifted strategy to Prime Minister William Pitt shifted strategy to
focus on North Americafocus on North America By 1758 French cut off from re-supply By 1758 French cut off from re-supply Fort Duquesne abandoned, Quebec captured, Fort Duquesne abandoned, Quebec captured,
last French forces surrendered, 1760last French forces surrendered, 1760 Peace of Paris 1763: France lostPeace of Paris 1763: France lost
British got all North America east of MississippiBritish got all North America east of Mississippi Spanish added Louisiana to their empireSpanish added Louisiana to their empire
Seven Years’ War, 1756–1763Seven Years’ War, 1756–1763
A Century of Conflict: Major A Century of Conflict: Major Wars, 1689–1763Wars, 1689–1763
Perceptions of WarPerceptions of War
Expanded horizons of colonistsExpanded horizons of colonists Created trained officer corps that knew Created trained officer corps that knew
British vulnerabilitiesBritish vulnerabilities British felt colonists ungrateful and not British felt colonists ungrateful and not
willing to bear their fair share of burdenwilling to bear their fair share of burden Colonists saw themselves as “junior Colonists saw themselves as “junior
partners” to Britishpartners” to British
North America after 1763North America after 1763
Rule Britannia? Rule Britannia? Most Americans bound to England in 1763Most Americans bound to England in 1763 Ties included Ties included
British cultureBritish culture British consumer goodsBritish consumer goods British evangelists British evangelists British military victories British military victories
Americans thought of themselves as Americans thought of themselves as partners in an Empire partners in an Empire
To British, “American” equaled “not quite To British, “American” equaled “not quite English” English”