Chapter 4 Energy and Ecosystems - lpcsdtmorgan.weebly.com · Energy and Ecosystems • Energy =...
Transcript of Chapter 4 Energy and Ecosystems - lpcsdtmorgan.weebly.com · Energy and Ecosystems • Energy =...
![Page 1: Chapter 4 Energy and Ecosystems - lpcsdtmorgan.weebly.com · Energy and Ecosystems • Energy = ability to do work • Thermodynamics = study of energy and its transformations . Laws](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040423/5e177d1bfcc860633946a0e3/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Energy and Ecosystems
• Energy = ability to do work
• Thermodynamics = study of energy and
its transformations
![Page 2: Chapter 4 Energy and Ecosystems - lpcsdtmorgan.weebly.com · Energy and Ecosystems • Energy = ability to do work • Thermodynamics = study of energy and its transformations . Laws](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040423/5e177d1bfcc860633946a0e3/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Laws of Thermodynamics
• 1st law = energy cannot be created or
destroyed
• 2nd law = energy conversions are not
100% efficient = energy is converted to
heat
![Page 3: Chapter 4 Energy and Ecosystems - lpcsdtmorgan.weebly.com · Energy and Ecosystems • Energy = ability to do work • Thermodynamics = study of energy and its transformations . Laws](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040423/5e177d1bfcc860633946a0e3/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Forms of energy
1. Chemical energy stored in chemical
bonds
– Break chemical bonds = release energy
– (ex: respiration, combustion)
![Page 4: Chapter 4 Energy and Ecosystems - lpcsdtmorgan.weebly.com · Energy and Ecosystems • Energy = ability to do work • Thermodynamics = study of energy and its transformations . Laws](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040423/5e177d1bfcc860633946a0e3/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
2. Radiant or solar = direct from sun (in
form of electromagnetic waves)
![Page 5: Chapter 4 Energy and Ecosystems - lpcsdtmorgan.weebly.com · Energy and Ecosystems • Energy = ability to do work • Thermodynamics = study of energy and its transformations . Laws](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040423/5e177d1bfcc860633946a0e3/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
3. Heat = thermal energy (flows from hi
temp (a heat source) to low temp (a
heat sink)
Infrared = heat = thermal
![Page 6: Chapter 4 Energy and Ecosystems - lpcsdtmorgan.weebly.com · Energy and Ecosystems • Energy = ability to do work • Thermodynamics = study of energy and its transformations . Laws](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040423/5e177d1bfcc860633946a0e3/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
4. Mechanical energy = kinetic =energy in
motion (ex: wind spins turbines work)
![Page 7: Chapter 4 Energy and Ecosystems - lpcsdtmorgan.weebly.com · Energy and Ecosystems • Energy = ability to do work • Thermodynamics = study of energy and its transformations . Laws](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040423/5e177d1bfcc860633946a0e3/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
5. Nuclear = energy found within atomic nuclei
released during:
– splitting atoms = fission
– combining nuclei = fusion
![Page 8: Chapter 4 Energy and Ecosystems - lpcsdtmorgan.weebly.com · Energy and Ecosystems • Energy = ability to do work • Thermodynamics = study of energy and its transformations . Laws](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040423/5e177d1bfcc860633946a0e3/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
6. Electrical = flowing electrons
![Page 9: Chapter 4 Energy and Ecosystems - lpcsdtmorgan.weebly.com · Energy and Ecosystems • Energy = ability to do work • Thermodynamics = study of energy and its transformations . Laws](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040423/5e177d1bfcc860633946a0e3/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Units for Measuring Energy
• BTU = british thermal unit = amount of
energy to raise 1lb water 1⁰F
• Calories (cal) = amount of energy to raise
1g water 1⁰C
• Joules (J) = force to move 1kg 1m/sec
(Note: 1 cal = 4.18J)
• Watts = unit of electrical power
![Page 10: Chapter 4 Energy and Ecosystems - lpcsdtmorgan.weebly.com · Energy and Ecosystems • Energy = ability to do work • Thermodynamics = study of energy and its transformations . Laws](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040423/5e177d1bfcc860633946a0e3/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
How many watts in a kilowatt?
Answer: 1000
![Page 11: Chapter 4 Energy and Ecosystems - lpcsdtmorgan.weebly.com · Energy and Ecosystems • Energy = ability to do work • Thermodynamics = study of energy and its transformations . Laws](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040423/5e177d1bfcc860633946a0e3/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
More math practice
Include setup
No calculators!!!!!
![Page 12: Chapter 4 Energy and Ecosystems - lpcsdtmorgan.weebly.com · Energy and Ecosystems • Energy = ability to do work • Thermodynamics = study of energy and its transformations . Laws](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040423/5e177d1bfcc860633946a0e3/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Laws of
Thermodynamics
![Page 13: Chapter 4 Energy and Ecosystems - lpcsdtmorgan.weebly.com · Energy and Ecosystems • Energy = ability to do work • Thermodynamics = study of energy and its transformations . Laws](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040423/5e177d1bfcc860633946a0e3/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
First Law of
Thermodynamics
Energy cannot be created or destroyed
(only changed from one form to another).
![Page 14: Chapter 4 Energy and Ecosystems - lpcsdtmorgan.weebly.com · Energy and Ecosystems • Energy = ability to do work • Thermodynamics = study of energy and its transformations . Laws](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040423/5e177d1bfcc860633946a0e3/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Endothermic reactions
• Energy absorbed products have
more chemical energy
• Ex: Photosynthesis
• Formula:
6CO2 +6H2O + light C6H12O6 + 6O2
![Page 15: Chapter 4 Energy and Ecosystems - lpcsdtmorgan.weebly.com · Energy and Ecosystems • Energy = ability to do work • Thermodynamics = study of energy and its transformations . Laws](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040423/5e177d1bfcc860633946a0e3/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Photosynthesis
= light energy absorbed
= endothermic
![Page 16: Chapter 4 Energy and Ecosystems - lpcsdtmorgan.weebly.com · Energy and Ecosystems • Energy = ability to do work • Thermodynamics = study of energy and its transformations . Laws](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040423/5e177d1bfcc860633946a0e3/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Exothermic reactions
• Energy released and products have less
chemical energy
• Ex: respiration and combustion
• Formula for respiration:
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
Some ATP
Some heat
![Page 17: Chapter 4 Energy and Ecosystems - lpcsdtmorgan.weebly.com · Energy and Ecosystems • Energy = ability to do work • Thermodynamics = study of energy and its transformations . Laws](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040423/5e177d1bfcc860633946a0e3/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Respiration
• All organisms (including green plants)
respire energy
• Respiration release energy =
exothermic
• Respiration in the absence of oxygen =
anaerobic respiration = fermentation
![Page 18: Chapter 4 Energy and Ecosystems - lpcsdtmorgan.weebly.com · Energy and Ecosystems • Energy = ability to do work • Thermodynamics = study of energy and its transformations . Laws](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040423/5e177d1bfcc860633946a0e3/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Chemical reactions
Substrates Products
Total energy = Total energy
Why???
First Law of Thermodynamics
![Page 19: Chapter 4 Energy and Ecosystems - lpcsdtmorgan.weebly.com · Energy and Ecosystems • Energy = ability to do work • Thermodynamics = study of energy and its transformations . Laws](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040423/5e177d1bfcc860633946a0e3/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Second Law of
Thermodynamics
• Part I = Energy transformations are not
100% efficient At each energy
transformation some energy is changed
into heat (a less usable form of energy)
• Part II = Nature has a tendency towards
increased entropy (randomness)
![Page 20: Chapter 4 Energy and Ecosystems - lpcsdtmorgan.weebly.com · Energy and Ecosystems • Energy = ability to do work • Thermodynamics = study of energy and its transformations . Laws](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040423/5e177d1bfcc860633946a0e3/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Entropy = randomness
• Heat = high entropy
![Page 21: Chapter 4 Energy and Ecosystems - lpcsdtmorgan.weebly.com · Energy and Ecosystems • Energy = ability to do work • Thermodynamics = study of energy and its transformations . Laws](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040423/5e177d1bfcc860633946a0e3/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
• All organisms transform energy give off
heat radiation (infrared radiation)
• Heat can be detected using infrared sensors
• Ex: polar bear dens
![Page 22: Chapter 4 Energy and Ecosystems - lpcsdtmorgan.weebly.com · Energy and Ecosystems • Energy = ability to do work • Thermodynamics = study of energy and its transformations . Laws](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040423/5e177d1bfcc860633946a0e3/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
![Page 23: Chapter 4 Energy and Ecosystems - lpcsdtmorgan.weebly.com · Energy and Ecosystems • Energy = ability to do work • Thermodynamics = study of energy and its transformations . Laws](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040423/5e177d1bfcc860633946a0e3/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
![Page 24: Chapter 4 Energy and Ecosystems - lpcsdtmorgan.weebly.com · Energy and Ecosystems • Energy = ability to do work • Thermodynamics = study of energy and its transformations . Laws](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040423/5e177d1bfcc860633946a0e3/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Find the polar bear den
![Page 25: Chapter 4 Energy and Ecosystems - lpcsdtmorgan.weebly.com · Energy and Ecosystems • Energy = ability to do work • Thermodynamics = study of energy and its transformations . Laws](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040423/5e177d1bfcc860633946a0e3/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Cannabis farm detected in UK
![Page 26: Chapter 4 Energy and Ecosystems - lpcsdtmorgan.weebly.com · Energy and Ecosystems • Energy = ability to do work • Thermodynamics = study of energy and its transformations . Laws](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040423/5e177d1bfcc860633946a0e3/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Why do organisms give
off heat?
Second Law of Thermodynamics
![Page 27: Chapter 4 Energy and Ecosystems - lpcsdtmorgan.weebly.com · Energy and Ecosystems • Energy = ability to do work • Thermodynamics = study of energy and its transformations . Laws](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040423/5e177d1bfcc860633946a0e3/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Energy flows in 1 direction
Sunproducerconsumer
Energy flows in ecosystems
![Page 28: Chapter 4 Energy and Ecosystems - lpcsdtmorgan.weebly.com · Energy and Ecosystems • Energy = ability to do work • Thermodynamics = study of energy and its transformations . Laws](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040423/5e177d1bfcc860633946a0e3/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
10% Rule
• Only 10% of energy at each level
moves to the next (ex: producer
consumer)
• 90% energy lost at each trophic level
• Why?????
• Second law of thermodynamics
![Page 29: Chapter 4 Energy and Ecosystems - lpcsdtmorgan.weebly.com · Energy and Ecosystems • Energy = ability to do work • Thermodynamics = study of energy and its transformations . Laws](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040423/5e177d1bfcc860633946a0e3/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Practice math problems
![Page 30: Chapter 4 Energy and Ecosystems - lpcsdtmorgan.weebly.com · Energy and Ecosystems • Energy = ability to do work • Thermodynamics = study of energy and its transformations . Laws](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040423/5e177d1bfcc860633946a0e3/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Trophic levels
3rd trophic level
Secondary consumer
Carnivore or omnivore
2nd trophic level
Primary consumer Herbivore or omnivore
1st trophic level
Autotrophs/producers
![Page 31: Chapter 4 Energy and Ecosystems - lpcsdtmorgan.weebly.com · Energy and Ecosystems • Energy = ability to do work • Thermodynamics = study of energy and its transformations . Laws](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040423/5e177d1bfcc860633946a0e3/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Photosynthetic efficiency of an
ecosystem =
between 1% and 2%
![Page 32: Chapter 4 Energy and Ecosystems - lpcsdtmorgan.weebly.com · Energy and Ecosystems • Energy = ability to do work • Thermodynamics = study of energy and its transformations . Laws](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040423/5e177d1bfcc860633946a0e3/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Decomposers = Saprophytes
• Recycle nutrients NOT Energy
• Energy is always lost
![Page 33: Chapter 4 Energy and Ecosystems - lpcsdtmorgan.weebly.com · Energy and Ecosystems • Energy = ability to do work • Thermodynamics = study of energy and its transformations . Laws](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040423/5e177d1bfcc860633946a0e3/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Trophic Pyramids
![Page 34: Chapter 4 Energy and Ecosystems - lpcsdtmorgan.weebly.com · Energy and Ecosystems • Energy = ability to do work • Thermodynamics = study of energy and its transformations . Laws](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040423/5e177d1bfcc860633946a0e3/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Pyramid of energy always decreases because
usable energy is lost at each step
![Page 35: Chapter 4 Energy and Ecosystems - lpcsdtmorgan.weebly.com · Energy and Ecosystems • Energy = ability to do work • Thermodynamics = study of energy and its transformations . Laws](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040423/5e177d1bfcc860633946a0e3/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Pyramid of biomass
• Biomass = weight of organic material (g/m2)
• Can be inverted if consumers eat most of the producers as they are made– ex: phytoplankton zooplankton
![Page 36: Chapter 4 Energy and Ecosystems - lpcsdtmorgan.weebly.com · Energy and Ecosystems • Energy = ability to do work • Thermodynamics = study of energy and its transformations . Laws](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040423/5e177d1bfcc860633946a0e3/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Pyramid of numbers
• Shows the # of individuals at each trophic
level
• Inverted pyramid occurs when small
organisms (insects, decomposers…)are at
higher levels
![Page 37: Chapter 4 Energy and Ecosystems - lpcsdtmorgan.weebly.com · Energy and Ecosystems • Energy = ability to do work • Thermodynamics = study of energy and its transformations . Laws](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040423/5e177d1bfcc860633946a0e3/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Comparing Ecosystems
• Gross Primary Productivity (GPP) = amt of energy
captured by producers in an ecosystem
• Net Primary Productivity (NPP) = amount of energy
available to consumers after producers respire
• Both are measured in units of energy (kcal/m2/yr) or
in terms of dry weight (g of carbon/m2/yr)
• NPP = GPP – plant respiration
Productivity = Plants
![Page 38: Chapter 4 Energy and Ecosystems - lpcsdtmorgan.weebly.com · Energy and Ecosystems • Energy = ability to do work • Thermodynamics = study of energy and its transformations . Laws](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040423/5e177d1bfcc860633946a0e3/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
NPP practice
• NPP for river ecosystem = 8,833 kcal/m2/yr
• Respiration by aquatic producers = 11,977
kcal/m2/yr
• Calculate GPP
• NPP = GPP – Respiration
• 8,833 = GPP – 11,977
• GPP = 8,833 + 11,977 = 20,810 kcal/m2/yr
![Page 39: Chapter 4 Energy and Ecosystems - lpcsdtmorgan.weebly.com · Energy and Ecosystems • Energy = ability to do work • Thermodynamics = study of energy and its transformations . Laws](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040423/5e177d1bfcc860633946a0e3/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Which ecosystems have high
NPP?
• Per unit area:
![Page 40: Chapter 4 Energy and Ecosystems - lpcsdtmorgan.weebly.com · Energy and Ecosystems • Energy = ability to do work • Thermodynamics = study of energy and its transformations . Laws](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040423/5e177d1bfcc860633946a0e3/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Comparing NPP’s
• Rain forests = most productive land
biomes
• Tundras and deserts = least
![Page 41: Chapter 4 Energy and Ecosystems - lpcsdtmorgan.weebly.com · Energy and Ecosystems • Energy = ability to do work • Thermodynamics = study of energy and its transformations . Laws](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040423/5e177d1bfcc860633946a0e3/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
• Wetlands, swamps, and marshes that
connect land and water ecosystems are
extremely productive
• Algal beds, coral reefs, and estuaries =
high
• Open ocean = low
![Page 42: Chapter 4 Energy and Ecosystems - lpcsdtmorgan.weebly.com · Energy and Ecosystems • Energy = ability to do work • Thermodynamics = study of energy and its transformations . Laws](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040423/5e177d1bfcc860633946a0e3/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
• Total in the worldNPP available in world
![Page 43: Chapter 4 Energy and Ecosystems - lpcsdtmorgan.weebly.com · Energy and Ecosystems • Energy = ability to do work • Thermodynamics = study of energy and its transformations . Laws](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040423/5e177d1bfcc860633946a0e3/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Note: Oceans have low NPP
BUT
They cover 71% earths surface
lots of productivity
![Page 44: Chapter 4 Energy and Ecosystems - lpcsdtmorgan.weebly.com · Energy and Ecosystems • Energy = ability to do work • Thermodynamics = study of energy and its transformations . Laws](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040423/5e177d1bfcc860633946a0e3/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Limiting Factors
• Environmental factors that are more
important for survival = limiting factors.
– Ex. temperature, water, light, soil nutrients,
salinity
– Ex: phosphorus = limiting in freshwater
ecosystems controls algae growth
![Page 45: Chapter 4 Energy and Ecosystems - lpcsdtmorgan.weebly.com · Energy and Ecosystems • Energy = ability to do work • Thermodynamics = study of energy and its transformations . Laws](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040423/5e177d1bfcc860633946a0e3/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Range of Tolerance
![Page 46: Chapter 4 Energy and Ecosystems - lpcsdtmorgan.weebly.com · Energy and Ecosystems • Energy = ability to do work • Thermodynamics = study of energy and its transformations . Laws](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040423/5e177d1bfcc860633946a0e3/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Producer biomass limits
consumer biomass
![Page 47: Chapter 4 Energy and Ecosystems - lpcsdtmorgan.weebly.com · Energy and Ecosystems • Energy = ability to do work • Thermodynamics = study of energy and its transformations . Laws](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040423/5e177d1bfcc860633946a0e3/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Food Chains and Food Webs
• Food chain = flow of energy from
producer to consumer
![Page 48: Chapter 4 Energy and Ecosystems - lpcsdtmorgan.weebly.com · Energy and Ecosystems • Energy = ability to do work • Thermodynamics = study of energy and its transformations . Laws](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040423/5e177d1bfcc860633946a0e3/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Food Webs = interconnected
food chains
• More connections =
more stable
• Diversity stability
http://www.tburg.k12.ny.us/mcdonald/web.jpg
![Page 49: Chapter 4 Energy and Ecosystems - lpcsdtmorgan.weebly.com · Energy and Ecosystems • Energy = ability to do work • Thermodynamics = study of energy and its transformations . Laws](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040423/5e177d1bfcc860633946a0e3/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Plants and phytoplankton
form the base of most food
chains
![Page 50: Chapter 4 Energy and Ecosystems - lpcsdtmorgan.weebly.com · Energy and Ecosystems • Energy = ability to do work • Thermodynamics = study of energy and its transformations . Laws](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040423/5e177d1bfcc860633946a0e3/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
• Exception = chemosynthetic bacteria
form the base of food chains in
hydrothermal vents
![Page 51: Chapter 4 Energy and Ecosystems - lpcsdtmorgan.weebly.com · Energy and Ecosystems • Energy = ability to do work • Thermodynamics = study of energy and its transformations . Laws](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040423/5e177d1bfcc860633946a0e3/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Archaebacteria = bacteria in
extreme environments
![Page 52: Chapter 4 Energy and Ecosystems - lpcsdtmorgan.weebly.com · Energy and Ecosystems • Energy = ability to do work • Thermodynamics = study of energy and its transformations . Laws](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040423/5e177d1bfcc860633946a0e3/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Energy vocab
• 1st and 2nd laws of thermodynamics
• Infrared
• Fission and fusion
• Endothermic and exothermic
• Entropy
• 10% rule
• Archaebacteria
• Detritivores
• Saprotrophs
• Food chains and webs (be able to draw them)
![Page 53: Chapter 4 Energy and Ecosystems - lpcsdtmorgan.weebly.com · Energy and Ecosystems • Energy = ability to do work • Thermodynamics = study of energy and its transformations . Laws](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040423/5e177d1bfcc860633946a0e3/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Ecology
• The study of living organisms and their
interaction with the nonliving
environment
• Biotic (living) and Abiotic (physical env.)
![Page 54: Chapter 4 Energy and Ecosystems - lpcsdtmorgan.weebly.com · Energy and Ecosystems • Energy = ability to do work • Thermodynamics = study of energy and its transformations . Laws](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040423/5e177d1bfcc860633946a0e3/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Characteristics of Life
• Cell structure
• Genetic material
• Metabolism (all the chemical reactions)
• Homeostasis (maintain balance)
• Reproduction
– Asexual
– Sexual – increases genetic diversity
• Can undergo natural selection
![Page 55: Chapter 4 Energy and Ecosystems - lpcsdtmorgan.weebly.com · Energy and Ecosystems • Energy = ability to do work • Thermodynamics = study of energy and its transformations . Laws](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040423/5e177d1bfcc860633946a0e3/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Levels of biological
organization
• Species (can interbreed in wild)
• Populations (1 species 1 area)
• Communities (many species 1 area)
• Ecosystems (communities + physical environ.)
• Landscape ecosystems (connecting
ecosystems)• Large forest including streams and ponds
• Biosphere (all the ecosystems of the world)
![Page 56: Chapter 4 Energy and Ecosystems - lpcsdtmorgan.weebly.com · Energy and Ecosystems • Energy = ability to do work • Thermodynamics = study of energy and its transformations . Laws](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040423/5e177d1bfcc860633946a0e3/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Population Density
• # of individuals / unit area
– Example: 3000 salamanders / acre
![Page 57: Chapter 4 Energy and Ecosystems - lpcsdtmorgan.weebly.com · Energy and Ecosystems • Energy = ability to do work • Thermodynamics = study of energy and its transformations . Laws](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040423/5e177d1bfcc860633946a0e3/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Practice math problems
![Page 58: Chapter 4 Energy and Ecosystems - lpcsdtmorgan.weebly.com · Energy and Ecosystems • Energy = ability to do work • Thermodynamics = study of energy and its transformations . Laws](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040423/5e177d1bfcc860633946a0e3/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Biodiversity
• Genetic diversity– Variation in genes in a population
• Species diversity– the # of different species in an area
• Ecological diversity– # different ecosystems in an area
• In all cases diversity stability
![Page 59: Chapter 4 Energy and Ecosystems - lpcsdtmorgan.weebly.com · Energy and Ecosystems • Energy = ability to do work • Thermodynamics = study of energy and its transformations . Laws](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040423/5e177d1bfcc860633946a0e3/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Interdependence
• Within a community populations interact
with each other maintain an
ecosystem
• Species depend on and affect each
other
![Page 60: Chapter 4 Energy and Ecosystems - lpcsdtmorgan.weebly.com · Energy and Ecosystems • Energy = ability to do work • Thermodynamics = study of energy and its transformations . Laws](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040423/5e177d1bfcc860633946a0e3/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Keystone Species
• Species that play a vital role in an
ecosystem
• Removal of a keystone disrupts the
entire ecosystem
– Ex: wolves of Yellowstone
![Page 61: Chapter 4 Energy and Ecosystems - lpcsdtmorgan.weebly.com · Energy and Ecosystems • Energy = ability to do work • Thermodynamics = study of energy and its transformations . Laws](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040423/5e177d1bfcc860633946a0e3/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Habitat
• Where an organism lives
• The habitat must supply the needs of
organisms (food, water, temp, O2, and
minerals.)
• Needs not met migrate, adapt, or die
![Page 62: Chapter 4 Energy and Ecosystems - lpcsdtmorgan.weebly.com · Energy and Ecosystems • Energy = ability to do work • Thermodynamics = study of energy and its transformations . Laws](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040423/5e177d1bfcc860633946a0e3/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Niche
• Describes an organism’s job or role in a
particular area
• Examples:
![Page 63: Chapter 4 Energy and Ecosystems - lpcsdtmorgan.weebly.com · Energy and Ecosystems • Energy = ability to do work • Thermodynamics = study of energy and its transformations . Laws](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040423/5e177d1bfcc860633946a0e3/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Elephant niche
• Push over trees forest openings (grasslands)
helps antelopes, zebra, and other herbivores
![Page 64: Chapter 4 Energy and Ecosystems - lpcsdtmorgan.weebly.com · Energy and Ecosystems • Energy = ability to do work • Thermodynamics = study of energy and its transformations . Laws](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040423/5e177d1bfcc860633946a0e3/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Decomposer Niche =
Recycle Nutrients
![Page 65: Chapter 4 Energy and Ecosystems - lpcsdtmorgan.weebly.com · Energy and Ecosystems • Energy = ability to do work • Thermodynamics = study of energy and its transformations . Laws](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040423/5e177d1bfcc860633946a0e3/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Top predator niche
• Top predators control herbivore populations
prevent overgrazing
![Page 66: Chapter 4 Energy and Ecosystems - lpcsdtmorgan.weebly.com · Energy and Ecosystems • Energy = ability to do work • Thermodynamics = study of energy and its transformations . Laws](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040423/5e177d1bfcc860633946a0e3/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Organisms can share a
habitat without competing
if they occupy different
niches !!!
![Page 67: Chapter 4 Energy and Ecosystems - lpcsdtmorgan.weebly.com · Energy and Ecosystems • Energy = ability to do work • Thermodynamics = study of energy and its transformations . Laws](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040423/5e177d1bfcc860633946a0e3/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Species interactions
1) Competition = fight for limited resources
survival of the fittest
2 types:a. Interspecific
b. Intraspecific
![Page 68: Chapter 4 Energy and Ecosystems - lpcsdtmorgan.weebly.com · Energy and Ecosystems • Energy = ability to do work • Thermodynamics = study of energy and its transformations . Laws](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040423/5e177d1bfcc860633946a0e3/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Interspecific
Competition
• Different species compete
• An increase in one species decrease in the other
• Ex. Two tree species competing for light in the forest
• Ex: spotted hyena and lion competing for food
http://hyenas.zoology.msu.edu/images/crocuta/shah-lionkillingahyena.jpg
![Page 69: Chapter 4 Energy and Ecosystems - lpcsdtmorgan.weebly.com · Energy and Ecosystems • Energy = ability to do work • Thermodynamics = study of energy and its transformations . Laws](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040423/5e177d1bfcc860633946a0e3/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Interspecific Competition
• Caused by niche overlap in species
• If two species have complete niche overlap,
they cannot coexist COMPETITIVE
EXCLUSION
![Page 70: Chapter 4 Energy and Ecosystems - lpcsdtmorgan.weebly.com · Energy and Ecosystems • Energy = ability to do work • Thermodynamics = study of energy and its transformations . Laws](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040423/5e177d1bfcc860633946a0e3/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Northern spotted owls
• https://www.youtube.com/v/LJL7XD5DU7
A
![Page 71: Chapter 4 Energy and Ecosystems - lpcsdtmorgan.weebly.com · Energy and Ecosystems • Energy = ability to do work • Thermodynamics = study of energy and its transformations . Laws](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040423/5e177d1bfcc860633946a0e3/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Comp. exclusion and non-native
species
• Non-native species often out-compete
native species when introduced into an area
• Examples
http://www.invasive.org/eastern/images/768x512/0002030.jpg
![Page 72: Chapter 4 Energy and Ecosystems - lpcsdtmorgan.weebly.com · Energy and Ecosystems • Energy = ability to do work • Thermodynamics = study of energy and its transformations . Laws](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040423/5e177d1bfcc860633946a0e3/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Eurasian watermilfoil
![Page 73: Chapter 4 Energy and Ecosystems - lpcsdtmorgan.weebly.com · Energy and Ecosystems • Energy = ability to do work • Thermodynamics = study of energy and its transformations . Laws](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040423/5e177d1bfcc860633946a0e3/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Zebra mussels (introduced into
Great Lakes via ballast water)
![Page 74: Chapter 4 Energy and Ecosystems - lpcsdtmorgan.weebly.com · Energy and Ecosystems • Energy = ability to do work • Thermodynamics = study of energy and its transformations . Laws](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040423/5e177d1bfcc860633946a0e3/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Purple loosestrife
![Page 75: Chapter 4 Energy and Ecosystems - lpcsdtmorgan.weebly.com · Energy and Ecosystems • Energy = ability to do work • Thermodynamics = study of energy and its transformations . Laws](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040423/5e177d1bfcc860633946a0e3/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Gause’s Comp. Exclusion
Experiment
• Two species of Paramecium can be
grown in a vial using a food source.
• grown separately both survive
• Grown together only one with
competitive advantage survives
![Page 76: Chapter 4 Energy and Ecosystems - lpcsdtmorgan.weebly.com · Energy and Ecosystems • Energy = ability to do work • Thermodynamics = study of energy and its transformations . Laws](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040423/5e177d1bfcc860633946a0e3/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
Gauses competitive exclusion
experiment
![Page 77: Chapter 4 Energy and Ecosystems - lpcsdtmorgan.weebly.com · Energy and Ecosystems • Energy = ability to do work • Thermodynamics = study of energy and its transformations . Laws](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040423/5e177d1bfcc860633946a0e3/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Intraspecific Competition
• Between members of same species
(space, food, mates)
• Leads to stable population regulation
– More variation in pop. inc. stability
• Ex
http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=6673
http://www.laspilitas.com/comhabit/pictures/creosote.jpg
![Page 78: Chapter 4 Energy and Ecosystems - lpcsdtmorgan.weebly.com · Energy and Ecosystems • Energy = ability to do work • Thermodynamics = study of energy and its transformations . Laws](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040423/5e177d1bfcc860633946a0e3/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Red-winged blackbirds
Larger testes in males in
the north than the south
due to increased
competition for mates in
regions w/ shorter
breeding seasons
![Page 79: Chapter 4 Energy and Ecosystems - lpcsdtmorgan.weebly.com · Energy and Ecosystems • Energy = ability to do work • Thermodynamics = study of energy and its transformations . Laws](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040423/5e177d1bfcc860633946a0e3/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Creosote Bushes
• Secrete an
herbicide
that inhibits
growth of
other plants
![Page 80: Chapter 4 Energy and Ecosystems - lpcsdtmorgan.weebly.com · Energy and Ecosystems • Energy = ability to do work • Thermodynamics = study of energy and its transformations . Laws](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040423/5e177d1bfcc860633946a0e3/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Ways to reduce competition/allow
coexistence of competitors
1. Resource partitioning = Species
divide up the resource
![Page 81: Chapter 4 Energy and Ecosystems - lpcsdtmorgan.weebly.com · Energy and Ecosystems • Energy = ability to do work • Thermodynamics = study of energy and its transformations . Laws](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040423/5e177d1bfcc860633946a0e3/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Ex: MacArther’s Warbler studies
![Page 82: Chapter 4 Energy and Ecosystems - lpcsdtmorgan.weebly.com · Energy and Ecosystems • Energy = ability to do work • Thermodynamics = study of energy and its transformations . Laws](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040423/5e177d1bfcc860633946a0e3/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
2) Character displacement
2. When two similar species exist in some
portion of their ranges, small variations
(physical or behavorial) become
exaggerated
http://www.bio.unc.edu/faculty/servedio/Lab/dirsel%20copy.jpg
![Page 83: Chapter 4 Energy and Ecosystems - lpcsdtmorgan.weebly.com · Energy and Ecosystems • Energy = ability to do work • Thermodynamics = study of energy and its transformations . Laws](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040423/5e177d1bfcc860633946a0e3/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
![Page 84: Chapter 4 Energy and Ecosystems - lpcsdtmorgan.weebly.com · Energy and Ecosystems • Energy = ability to do work • Thermodynamics = study of energy and its transformations . Laws](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040423/5e177d1bfcc860633946a0e3/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
.
![Page 85: Chapter 4 Energy and Ecosystems - lpcsdtmorgan.weebly.com · Energy and Ecosystems • Energy = ability to do work • Thermodynamics = study of energy and its transformations . Laws](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040423/5e177d1bfcc860633946a0e3/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
Predation
• Removal (killing) of
animals or plants by other
animals
![Page 86: Chapter 4 Energy and Ecosystems - lpcsdtmorgan.weebly.com · Energy and Ecosystems • Energy = ability to do work • Thermodynamics = study of energy and its transformations . Laws](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040423/5e177d1bfcc860633946a0e3/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
Role of predators in an ecosystem
• Predators remove the sick and
weak individuals
• greater access to resources for
survivors
• increase gene pool strength
(survival of fittest)
![Page 87: Chapter 4 Energy and Ecosystems - lpcsdtmorgan.weebly.com · Energy and Ecosystems • Energy = ability to do work • Thermodynamics = study of energy and its transformations . Laws](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040423/5e177d1bfcc860633946a0e3/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
When predators and prey coexist,
what population patterns do we see?
![Page 88: Chapter 4 Energy and Ecosystems - lpcsdtmorgan.weebly.com · Energy and Ecosystems • Energy = ability to do work • Thermodynamics = study of energy and its transformations . Laws](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040423/5e177d1bfcc860633946a0e3/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
Characteristics of Predator-Prey cycles
• 1) Prey population must be greater than
predator predator growth
• 2) population spike in prey increase in
predator (time lag is due to slow rate of
reproduction)
![Page 89: Chapter 4 Energy and Ecosystems - lpcsdtmorgan.weebly.com · Energy and Ecosystems • Energy = ability to do work • Thermodynamics = study of energy and its transformations . Laws](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040423/5e177d1bfcc860633946a0e3/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
Examples of Predator-Prey cycles
• Lynx and hare
• Coyotes and
rabbits
![Page 90: Chapter 4 Energy and Ecosystems - lpcsdtmorgan.weebly.com · Energy and Ecosystems • Energy = ability to do work • Thermodynamics = study of energy and its transformations . Laws](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040423/5e177d1bfcc860633946a0e3/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
Adaptations of prey to limit predation
• Good escape ability (ex. Ostriches)
• Behavior (blowfish)
• External protection (spines on cacti and porcupines)
• Camouflage (arctic hares, walking sticks)
• Chemical warfare (skunks, insects, butterflies)
• aposematic or warning coloration (frogs, skunks)
• Mimicry (Monarchs and Viceroys)
![Page 91: Chapter 4 Energy and Ecosystems - lpcsdtmorgan.weebly.com · Energy and Ecosystems • Energy = ability to do work • Thermodynamics = study of energy and its transformations . Laws](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040423/5e177d1bfcc860633946a0e3/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
Mimicry
![Page 92: Chapter 4 Energy and Ecosystems - lpcsdtmorgan.weebly.com · Energy and Ecosystems • Energy = ability to do work • Thermodynamics = study of energy and its transformations . Laws](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040423/5e177d1bfcc860633946a0e3/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
Adaptations of predators to catch
prey
• Pursuit and ambush (strong legs, sharp
teeth, wings, heightened senses, ability to
see at night)
• Strategic (camouflage, hunting in packs,
hunting at night)
![Page 93: Chapter 4 Energy and Ecosystems - lpcsdtmorgan.weebly.com · Energy and Ecosystems • Energy = ability to do work • Thermodynamics = study of energy and its transformations . Laws](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040423/5e177d1bfcc860633946a0e3/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
Interspecific Interactions: Symbiosis
![Page 94: Chapter 4 Energy and Ecosystems - lpcsdtmorgan.weebly.com · Energy and Ecosystems • Energy = ability to do work • Thermodynamics = study of energy and its transformations . Laws](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040423/5e177d1bfcc860633946a0e3/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
3 Types of symbiotic relationships
Type of
relationshipSpecies
1
Species
2
Mutualism + +Commensalism + 0
Parasitism+ -
![Page 95: Chapter 4 Energy and Ecosystems - lpcsdtmorgan.weebly.com · Energy and Ecosystems • Energy = ability to do work • Thermodynamics = study of energy and its transformations . Laws](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040423/5e177d1bfcc860633946a0e3/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
Characteristics of symbiotic
relationships
• Symbiosis is an intimate relationship
between members of two or more species
• Some species adapt in response to each
other co-evolution
• Can be very specific
• A change in one species often has large
effects on a second species
![Page 96: Chapter 4 Energy and Ecosystems - lpcsdtmorgan.weebly.com · Energy and Ecosystems • Energy = ability to do work • Thermodynamics = study of energy and its transformations . Laws](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040423/5e177d1bfcc860633946a0e3/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
Mutualism
• Both species benefit
• It can be facultative
(helpful to both but not
necessary for survival)
• ex. Rhinos and oxpeckers
• trees and mycorrhizae,
rhizobium bacteria and
legumes
• Pollination
• OR
![Page 97: Chapter 4 Energy and Ecosystems - lpcsdtmorgan.weebly.com · Energy and Ecosystems • Energy = ability to do work • Thermodynamics = study of energy and its transformations . Laws](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040423/5e177d1bfcc860633946a0e3/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
Mutualism• Obligate meaning that it is required for the survival of both
species
• ex. Yucca and yucca moth, lichens (algae and fungi)
![Page 98: Chapter 4 Energy and Ecosystems - lpcsdtmorgan.weebly.com · Energy and Ecosystems • Energy = ability to do work • Thermodynamics = study of energy and its transformations . Laws](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040423/5e177d1bfcc860633946a0e3/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
Commensalism
• Commensalism = one
species benefits, and
the other neither
benefits, nor is harmed
• examples:
• Epiphytes and trees
• Barnacles on whales
![Page 99: Chapter 4 Energy and Ecosystems - lpcsdtmorgan.weebly.com · Energy and Ecosystems • Energy = ability to do work • Thermodynamics = study of energy and its transformations . Laws](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040423/5e177d1bfcc860633946a0e3/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
Parasitism
• Special case of
predation, except
– parasite is smaller
than host
– parasite remains
assoc. with host,
weakens it over
time
– rarely kills it
Parasitism occurs when
one species is harmed and
the other species benefits
Ex. Lampreys
tapeworms
mistletoe
![Page 100: Chapter 4 Energy and Ecosystems - lpcsdtmorgan.weebly.com · Energy and Ecosystems • Energy = ability to do work • Thermodynamics = study of energy and its transformations . Laws](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040423/5e177d1bfcc860633946a0e3/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
Parasitoidism Parasitoidism = parasite
(parasitoid) routinely
kills the host
Usually is insect to
insect
Ex: tracheal mite
parasites kill
honeybees
Can be used to control pest populations
Ex. Wasps lay their eggs in insect hosts (wood
boring beetles, aphids, caterpillars…)
http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/graphics/photos/mar01/k5069-23i.jpg
![Page 101: Chapter 4 Energy and Ecosystems - lpcsdtmorgan.weebly.com · Energy and Ecosystems • Energy = ability to do work • Thermodynamics = study of energy and its transformations . Laws](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040423/5e177d1bfcc860633946a0e3/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
![Page 102: Chapter 4 Energy and Ecosystems - lpcsdtmorgan.weebly.com · Energy and Ecosystems • Energy = ability to do work • Thermodynamics = study of energy and its transformations . Laws](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040423/5e177d1bfcc860633946a0e3/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
Zombies
Fact or Fiction
The Strange Science of the Living
Dead
![Page 103: Chapter 4 Energy and Ecosystems - lpcsdtmorgan.weebly.com · Energy and Ecosystems • Energy = ability to do work • Thermodynamics = study of energy and its transformations . Laws](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040423/5e177d1bfcc860633946a0e3/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
On Sinister pond
What’s going on?
A. Toxic sludge from a local factory is
causing mutations in the frogs
B. Random mutations are causing the
deformities
C. The frogs are being zombified by
symbiotic parasites.
![Page 104: Chapter 4 Energy and Ecosystems - lpcsdtmorgan.weebly.com · Energy and Ecosystems • Energy = ability to do work • Thermodynamics = study of energy and its transformations . Laws](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040423/5e177d1bfcc860633946a0e3/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
The case of the fearless rat:
Why are the rats suicidal?
a) Alien abduction
b) They’ve been zombified by a symbiotic
parasite
c) fiction
![Page 105: Chapter 4 Energy and Ecosystems - lpcsdtmorgan.weebly.com · Energy and Ecosystems • Energy = ability to do work • Thermodynamics = study of energy and its transformations . Laws](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040423/5e177d1bfcc860633946a0e3/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
![Page 106: Chapter 4 Energy and Ecosystems - lpcsdtmorgan.weebly.com · Energy and Ecosystems • Energy = ability to do work • Thermodynamics = study of energy and its transformations . Laws](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040423/5e177d1bfcc860633946a0e3/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
![Page 107: Chapter 4 Energy and Ecosystems - lpcsdtmorgan.weebly.com · Energy and Ecosystems • Energy = ability to do work • Thermodynamics = study of energy and its transformations . Laws](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040423/5e177d1bfcc860633946a0e3/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
![Page 108: Chapter 4 Energy and Ecosystems - lpcsdtmorgan.weebly.com · Energy and Ecosystems • Energy = ability to do work • Thermodynamics = study of energy and its transformations . Laws](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040423/5e177d1bfcc860633946a0e3/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
![Page 109: Chapter 4 Energy and Ecosystems - lpcsdtmorgan.weebly.com · Energy and Ecosystems • Energy = ability to do work • Thermodynamics = study of energy and its transformations . Laws](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040423/5e177d1bfcc860633946a0e3/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
![Page 110: Chapter 4 Energy and Ecosystems - lpcsdtmorgan.weebly.com · Energy and Ecosystems • Energy = ability to do work • Thermodynamics = study of energy and its transformations . Laws](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040423/5e177d1bfcc860633946a0e3/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
![Page 111: Chapter 4 Energy and Ecosystems - lpcsdtmorgan.weebly.com · Energy and Ecosystems • Energy = ability to do work • Thermodynamics = study of energy and its transformations . Laws](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040423/5e177d1bfcc860633946a0e3/html5/thumbnails/111.jpg)
Why do these relationships exist
![Page 112: Chapter 4 Energy and Ecosystems - lpcsdtmorgan.weebly.com · Energy and Ecosystems • Energy = ability to do work • Thermodynamics = study of energy and its transformations . Laws](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040423/5e177d1bfcc860633946a0e3/html5/thumbnails/112.jpg)
Interdependence and evolution
• Species depend on and affect each other in an ecosystem.
• Evolution = change in traits of a population over time
• Best adapted survive and reproduce
• Co-evolution can occur when there are intimate relationships between species.
![Page 113: Chapter 4 Energy and Ecosystems - lpcsdtmorgan.weebly.com · Energy and Ecosystems • Energy = ability to do work • Thermodynamics = study of energy and its transformations . Laws](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040423/5e177d1bfcc860633946a0e3/html5/thumbnails/113.jpg)
Traits that allow you to evolve
• Niche utilization
• Reproduction strategies
![Page 114: Chapter 4 Energy and Ecosystems - lpcsdtmorgan.weebly.com · Energy and Ecosystems • Energy = ability to do work • Thermodynamics = study of energy and its transformations . Laws](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040423/5e177d1bfcc860633946a0e3/html5/thumbnails/114.jpg)
Review
• Identify Country with
• largest boreal forests
• Largest deciduous forest stands
• Most desertification
• Most rain forests
![Page 115: Chapter 4 Energy and Ecosystems - lpcsdtmorgan.weebly.com · Energy and Ecosystems • Energy = ability to do work • Thermodynamics = study of energy and its transformations . Laws](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040423/5e177d1bfcc860633946a0e3/html5/thumbnails/115.jpg)
Know
• Symbiotic relationships
• Predation
• Types of competition
• MacArthurs studies
• Archaebacteria
• Eubacteria
• Eukaryotes
![Page 116: Chapter 4 Energy and Ecosystems - lpcsdtmorgan.weebly.com · Energy and Ecosystems • Energy = ability to do work • Thermodynamics = study of energy and its transformations . Laws](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040423/5e177d1bfcc860633946a0e3/html5/thumbnails/116.jpg)
• Succession primary vs secondary
• Trophic levels and pyramids
• 10% rule
• Type of land with highest level of
protection
• Economic incentives
• How to draw a food web (with arrows)
• Integrated pest management