Chapter 4 Early Civilizations in South Asia. Geography of South Asia Geographic Diversity -->...
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Transcript of Chapter 4 Early Civilizations in South Asia. Geography of South Asia Geographic Diversity -->...
Chapter 4Chapter 4
Early Civilizations in South Early Civilizations in South AsiaAsia
Geography of South AsiaGeography of South AsiaGeographic Diversity --> Cultural Geographic Diversity --> Cultural
DiversityDiversity Himalayan Himalayan
MountainsMountains Hindu-Kush MtsHindu-Kush Mts Indus RiverIndus River Ganges RiverGanges River Indian OceanIndian Ocean Deccan Plateau Deccan Plateau MonsoonsMonsoons
DryDry WetWet
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Harappan Society Challenges of Study
Much of remains are inaccessible Unable to decipher written records
Impact of Geography Indus River
Unpredictable but critical Agriculture: Wheat, Barley Domestication: Sheep, Goats, Chicken
44
Complex CitiesHarappa and Mohenho Daro
Economic, Political and Cultural Centers What do the cities tell us about society?
- City Walls- Citadel- Granary- Marketplaces- Temples- Urban Planning- Precise Grid
- Indoor Plumbing- Sewage- Public Baths- Residential Districts- Standardized Weights and Measures
HarappaHarappa
Overview of the north-south oriented brick wall (Feature 50) and doorway of the large Harappan building in Trench 39N. Note the earlier drain that runs east-west underneath the wall.
HarappaHarappa
Early Drainage System
An additional six copies of these tablets, again all with the same inscriptions, were found elsewhere in the debris outside of perimeter wall [250] including two near the group of 16 and two in debris between the perimeter and curtain walls. Here all 22 tablets are displayed together with a unicorn intaglio seal from the Period 3B street inside the perimeter wall, which has two of the same signs as those found on the tablets
Mohenjo-DaroMohenjo-Daro
Mohenjo-DaroMohenjo-Daro
Granary and Great Bath
Mohenjo-DaroMohenjo-Daro
The central ornament worn on the forehead of the famous "priest-king" sculpture from Mohenjo-daro appears to represent an eye bead, possibly made of gold with steatite inlay in the center
Jewelry from the Indus Valley Civilization
TradeTrade Cotton Textile IndustryCotton Textile Industry
Imports: Gold, Silver, Copper, Lead, Imports: Gold, Silver, Copper, Lead, Gems and Semiprecious stonesGems and Semiprecious stones
Exports: Cotton, Copper, Ivory, Pearls Exports: Cotton, Copper, Ivory, Pearls and Semiprecious stones, Timberand Semiprecious stones, Timber
Trading Partners: Egypt, Mesopotamia, Trading Partners: Egypt, Mesopotamia, Persia, AnatoliaPersia, Anatolia
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Early Harappan Religion Polytheistic Strong Connection to Government Importance of Fertility Many gods survive in Hindu
Pantheon
1111
1212
Harappan Decline Gradual decline Ecological Degradation Deforestation --> Desertification Possible Geographic Catastrophe
1212
Indo European MigrationsIndo European MigrationsThe AryansThe Aryans
- More Pastoral Than Agricultural- More Pastoral Than Agricultural+ role of iron+ role of iron- Cattle = Wealth- Cattle = Wealth- No Writing- No Writing
Political StructurePolitical Structure- Chiefdoms - Chiefdoms Regional Kingdoms Regional Kingdoms
Social StructureSocial Structure- Very Rigid- Very Rigid- Lawbook of Manu- Lawbook of Manu- PATRIARCHAL (Ritual of Sati)- PATRIARCHAL (Ritual of Sati)
Religion in the Vedic Age Religion in the Vedic Age (1500-500 BCE)(1500-500 BCE)
HINDUISMHINDUISM Fusion of Aryan and Dravidian BeliefsFusion of Aryan and Dravidian Beliefs Reincarnation/Karma/DharmaReincarnation/Karma/Dharma Brahman - MokshaBrahman - Moksha ETHICSETHICS Ritual SacrificesRitual Sacrifices
Evolution of Religious Evolution of Religious Beliefs/PracticesBeliefs/Practices
Brahman – MokshaBrahman – Moksha UpanishadsUpanishads
Increased SpiritualityIncreased Spirituality Asceticism + MeditationAsceticism + Meditation
Caste SystemCaste System Rigid Social Class StructureRigid Social Class Structure Changed Over TimeChanged Over Time
Evolves with SocietyEvolves with Society Led to Great Social StabilityLed to Great Social Stability
Shiva as Nataraja Shiva as Nataraja
BrahmaBrahma
VishnuVishnu
AUMAUM
““All is Well”All is Well”