Chapter 4cells, tissues and organs

Objectives

Explain the importance of cells and their function in the horse

Identify the parts and organelles of cells

List and describe the functions of each of the major types of specialized animal cells

List the cell organelles and functions of each part

Describe how specialized cells are organized to form a tissue type

List and describe the six types of specialized animal tissues and their functions

Describe the difference between mitosis and meiosis

Describe blood and its function

Cellular respiration is driven by the mitochondria in the cell

Glucose converted to ATP Sugar to energy

Glycolysis

Energy – needed by the cell to live

6O2 + C6H12O6 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP energy

Cell components

Plasma membrane – thin membrane of fats and proteins that surround the cell

Nucleus – storage of genetic material and directs the activity of the cell

Ribosomes – used in protein synthesis

Endoplasmic reticulum – important in protein production

Goigt body (apparatus)- site of protein and lipid accumulation

Centrioles – appear as triple tubules – used in cell division

Microfilaments, microtubules, lysosomes, storage particles – cytoplasm,

Morphogenesis

Organisms start as one cell – divide and replicate by mitosis.

Organism develops into thousand of billions of cells Morphogenesis

Not only division, but differentiation of cells for different purposes.

Mitosis

Meiosis

Oogenesis

Spermatogenesis

Types of cells

Absorptive cells Often found as continuous sheets – epithelial cells lining intestines,

kidneys, large surface area. (figure 4-6)

Secretory cells Cells that produce something to be used elsewhere – collected in

Golgi bodies and released

Nerve cells- transmit electrical messages throughout the body

Sensory Cells – respond to stimuli by emitting electrical signals Rods in the eye

Free nerve endings

Types of cells (cont’d)

Muscle Cells Skeletal

Cardiac

Smooth (Involuntary)

Reproductive cells Formed at the completion of meiosis

Tissues

Nerve

Epithelial

Muscle

Connective tissue Contain large amounts of extracellular tissue

Tendons

Cartilage

Arterial walls

Tissues (cont’d)

Fluid tissue Blood

Plasma

Transport – mostly water

Clotting factors

Salts – muscle contraction, nerve impulses etc.

Carries nutrients to and waste from the cell

Red blood cells

Carry oxygen

White blood cells

Antibodies

Platelets

Early clotting

Lymph

Organs

Group(s) of specialized tissues that perform a specific function. Examples?

What types of cells?

Flowchart

Cells – tissues – organs - organism