CHAPTER 4 CELLS LIVING ORGANISMS are HIGHLY ORGANIZED Cells, the simplest collection of matter that...

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CHAPTER 4 CELLS

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Transcript of CHAPTER 4 CELLS LIVING ORGANISMS are HIGHLY ORGANIZED Cells, the simplest collection of matter that...

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  • CHAPTER 4 CELLS
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  • LIVING ORGANISMS are HIGHLY ORGANIZED Cells, the simplest collection of matter that can live, were first observed by Robert Hooke in 1665 Antoni van Leeuwenhoek later described cells that could move He viewed bacteria with his own hand-crafted microscopes Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
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  • The CELL THEORY: The early microscopes provided data to establish the cell theory All living things are composed of cells All cells come from other cells (NO Spontaneous Generation) Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
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  • INTRODUCTION TO THE CELL Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
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  • Microscopes reveal the world of the cell A variety of microscopes have been developed for a clearer view of cells and cellular structure The most frequently used microscope is the light microscope (LM)like the one used in biology laboratories We will use a COMPOUND LIGHT MICROSCOPE Light passes through a specimen then through 2 glass lenses into the viewers eye Specimens can be magnified up to 400 times the actual size of the specimen Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
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  • Enlarges image formed by objective lens Magnifies specimen, forming primary image Eyepiece Focuses light through specimen Ocular lens Specimen Objective lens Condenser lens Light source
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  • Microscopes reveal the world of the cell Microscopes have limitations Both the human eye and the microscope have limits of RESOLUTIONthe ability to distinguish between small structures Therefore, the light microscope cannot provide the details of a small cells structure SOwe can stain the specimen Can you think of a problem with this??? Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
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  • Human height Length of some nerve and muscle cells 10 m Frog egg Chicken egg Unaided eye 1 m 100 mm (10 cm) 10 mm (1 cm) 1 mm Light microscope Electron microscope 100 nm 100 m 10 m 1 m Most plant and animal cells Viruses Nucleus Most bacteria Mitochondrion 10 nm Lipids Ribosome Proteins Mycoplasmas (smallest bacteria) 1 nm Small molecules 0.1 nm Atoms
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  • Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells Bacteria and archaea are prokaryotic cells All other forms of life are eukaryotic cells Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have a plasma membrane and one or more chromosomes (DNA) and ribosomes Eukaryotic cells have a membrane-bound nucleus and a number of other organelles, whereas prokaryotes have no nucleus and no true organelles Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
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  • Prokaryotic Cells Prokaryotic cells are like a studio (one- room) apartment All functions take place within the plasma membrane of the cell
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  • Nucleoid Ribosomes Plasma membrane Cell wall Capsule Flagella Bacterial chromosome A typical rod-shaped bacterium Pili A thin section through the bacterium Bacillus coagulans (TEM)
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  • Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments Eukaryotic cells are like a multiple room apartment Different functions take place in different organelles Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
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  • Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments Manufacturing of protein molecules involves the nucleus, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
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  • The nucleus is the cells genetic control center It contains the information (DNA) to make protein molecules The nuclear envelope is a double membrane with pores that allow material (messenger RNA) to flow out of the nucleus It is attached to a network of cellular membranes called the endoplasmic reticulum Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
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  • Two membranes of nuclear envelope Nucleus Nucleolus Chromatin Pore Endoplasmic reticulum Ribosomes
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  • Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and outside of the cell Ribosomes are involved in the cells protein synthesis Ribosomes are synthesized in the nucleolus, which is found in the nucleus Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
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  • Cytoplasm Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Free ribosomes Bound ribosomes Ribosomes ER Small subunit Diagram of a ribosome TEM showing ER and ribosomes Large subunit
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  • The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic factory There are two kinds of endoplasmic reticulumsmooth and rough Smooth ER lacks attached ribosomes Rough ER lines the outer surface of membranes They differ in structure and function However, they are connected Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
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  • Smooth ER Nuclear envelope Ribosomes Rough ER
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  • The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic factory Smooth ER is involved in a variety of diverse metabolic processes For example, enzymes produced by the smooth ER are involved in the synthesis of lipids, oils, phospholipids, and steroids Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
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  • The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic factory Rough ER makes proteins Once proteins are synthesized, they are transported in vesicles to other parts of the endomembrane system Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
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  • The Golgi apparatus finishes, sorts, and ships cell products The Golgi apparatus functions in conjunction with the ER by modifying products of the ER Products travel in transport vesicles from the ER to the Golgi apparatus One side of the Golgi apparatus functions as a receiving dock for the product and the other as a shipping dock Products are modified as they go from one side of the Golgi apparatus to the other and travel in vesicles to other sites Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
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  • Transport vesicle buds off Secretory protein inside trans- port vesicle Glycoprotein Polypeptide Ribosome Sugar chain Rough ER 1 2 3 4
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  • Golgi apparatus Golgi apparatus Receiving side of Golgi apparatus Transport vesicle from ER New vesicle forming Shipping side of Golgi apparatus Transport vesicle from the Golgi
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  • PROTEIN SYNTHESIS In the nucleus, DNA information for protein synthesis is copied into messenger RNA (mRNA) mRNA leaves the nucleus; goes to the ribosomes Proteins are synthesized at the ribosomes Proteins leave the ribosomes in transport vesicles headed for the Golgi apparatus Proteins are modified at the Golgi apparatus Modified proteins leave the Golgi apparatus in transport vesicles headed for their destination (inside or outside of the cell)
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  • Nucleus Vacuole Lysosome Plasma membrane Smooth ER Nuclear membrane Golgi apparatus Rough ER Transport vesicle Transport vesicle
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  • Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell A lysosome is a membranous sac containing digestive enzymes The enzymes and membrane are produced by the ER and transferred to the Golgi apparatus for processing The membrane serves to safely isolate these potent enzymes from the rest of the cell These enzymes can be used to: Digest dead cells Digest food for unicellular organisms Destroy pathogens (WHITE BLOOD CELLS) Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
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  • Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell Vacuoles are membranous sacs that are found in a variety of cells and possess an assortment of functions Examples are the central vacuole in plants Water is stored here Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
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  • Nucleus Chloroplast Central vacuole
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  • Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food Cellular respiration is accomplished in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells Cellular respiration involves conversion of chemical energy in foods (GLUCOSE) to chemical energy in ATP (adenosine triphosphate) Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
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  • Mitochondrion Intermembrane space Inner membrane Cristae Matrix Outer membrane
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  • Chloroplasts convert solar (sunlight) energy to chemical energy Chloroplasts are the photosynthesizing organelles of plants Photosynthesis is the conversion of light energy to chemical energy of sugar molecules Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
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  • Chloroplast Stroma Inner and outer membranes Granum Intermembrane space
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  • Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend While some protists have flagella and cilia that are important in locomotion, some cells of multicellular organisms have them for different reasons Cells that sweep mucus out of our lungs have cilia Animal sperm are flagellated Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
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  • Cilia
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  • Flagellum
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  • Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments Although there are many similarities between animal and plant cells, differences exist Lysosomes and centrioles are not found in plant cells Plant cells have a rigid cell wall, chloroplasts, and a central vacuole not found in animal cells Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
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  • Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Rough endoplasmic reticulum CYTOSKELETON: NUCLEUS: Nuclear envelope Chromosomes Nucleolus Ribosomes Golgi apparatus Plasma membrane Mitochondrion Peroxisome Centriole Lysosome Microtubule Intermediate filament Microfilament
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  • Review of Cell Types Bacterial CellPlant CellAnimal Cell Ten times smaller (1-10 micrometers) 10-100 micrometers One Naked Chromosome Multiple Chromosomes Cell Wall No Cell Wall No NucleusNucleus No OrganellesOrganelles No OrganellesChloroplasts; Central Vacuoles No Chloroplasts or Central Vacuoles No OrganellesNo Centrioles or Lysosomes Centrioles and Lysosomes

Introduction – Chapter 4 Cells are the simplest collection of matter that can live. Cells were first observed by Robert Hooke in 1665. Working with more.

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Discovery of cells Cells 1st discovered in 1665 by Robert Hooke Viewed dead cork cells with simple light microscope.

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Cells The smallest unit of life. Discovering the Cell 1665 - Robert Hooke.

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_____________ HOOKE The first to ____________ cells. Responsible for ____________ them _____________ LEEUWENHOEK SCHLEIDENSCHWANNVIRCHOW Made better.

_____________ HOOKE The first to ____________ cells. Responsible for ____________ them _____________ LEEUWENHOEK SCHLEIDENSCHWANNVIRCHOW Made better.

Cells. Robert Hooke -1665 In his book, entitled Micrographia, Hooke was the first to use the term cell From the Latin “cella” meaning “small chamber”

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By Lana Brown Robert Hooke. Robert Hooke discovered cells and named them. Robert Hooke discovered cells in 1665 He was the first to discover cells by.

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Cells Biology. Discovery of Cells Robert Hooke-1665 ▫Biologist, inventor, architect physicist, astronomer ▫30x, cork…cells Anton van Leeuwenhoek ▫300x,

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Cells. 2 Discovery of Cells Cells were discovered in 1665 by Robert Hooke. Early studies of cells were conducted by - Mathias Schleiden (1838) - Theodor.

Cells. 2 Discovery of Cells Cells were discovered in 1665 by Robert Hooke. Early studies of cells were conducted by - Mathias Schleiden (1838) - Theodor.

THE DISCOVERY OF CELLS Hooke Robert Hooke discovered cells in slices of cork. Leeuwenhoek Anton van Leeuwenhoek was the first to observe living.

THE DISCOVERY OF CELLS Hooke Robert Hooke discovered cells in slices of cork. Leeuwenhoek Anton van Leeuwenhoek was the first to observe living.

Cell Structure & Function. A Little History 1600’s – cork cells – Robert Hooke.

Cell Structure & Function. A Little History 1600’s – cork cells – Robert Hooke.

Cells - Biology Teaching...Scientists of Cell Theory •Robert Hooke-First to observe cells. (1665) •Anton van Leeuwenhoek- first to observe living cells.(1674) •Matthias Schleiden-

Cells - Biology Teaching...Scientists of Cell Theory •Robert Hooke-First to observe cells. (1665) •Anton van Leeuwenhoek- first to observe living cells.(1674) •Matthias Schleiden-

Chapter 4 A Tour of the Cell. History of Cells u Robert Hooke - Observed cells in cork. u Coined the term "cells” in 1665.

Chapter 4 A Tour of the Cell. History of Cells u Robert Hooke - Observed cells in cork. u Coined the term "cells” in 1665.

The Cell The basic unit of life. Cell History Cytology- study of cells 1665 English Scientist Robert Hooke Used a microscope to examine cork (plant) Hooke.

The Cell The basic unit of life. Cell History Cytology- study of cells 1665 English Scientist Robert Hooke Used a microscope to examine cork (plant) Hooke.

Chapter 4 A Tour of the Cell. Introduction: Cells on the Move Cells, the simplest collection of matter that can live, were first observed by Robert Hooke.

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Lindsay. Cells are best described and studied by Robert Hooke. When he studied the cells he used a early light microscope. Hooke looked at the dried.

Lindsay. Cells are best described and studied by Robert Hooke. When he studied the cells he used a early light microscope. Hooke looked at the dried.

Cells and Their Environment. Hooke and van Leeuwenhoek postulated: 1. All living things are composed of cells 2. Cells are the basic unit and function.

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Cells. Cell Discovery 1665 Robert Hooke: Around the time of Newton –discovered the cell –Saw dead cells of a cork plant –Called them cells because they.

Cells. Cell Discovery 1665 Robert Hooke: Around the time of Newton –discovered the cell –Saw dead cells of a cork plant –Called them cells because they.

Cells The Units of Life. Mid 1600s - Robert Hooke observed and described cells in cork Mid 1600s - Robert Hooke observed and described cells in cork Late.

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