Chapter 4 Atmosphere and Surface Energy Balances
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Transcript of Chapter 4 Atmosphere and Surface Energy Balances
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Chapter 4Atmosphere and Surface Energy
Balances
Robert W. ChristophersonCharlie Thomsen
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Atmosphere and Surface Energy Balances
Energy Essentials
Energy Balance in the Troposphere
Energy Balance at Earth’s Surface
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Energy Essentials Energy Pathways and Principles
Shortwave energy in from the Sun
Longwave energy out from Earth
TransmissionPassage of energy through atmosphere or water
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Energy Pathways
Figure 4.1
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Energy PathwaysInsolation input
All radiation received at Earth’s surface – direct and indirect
ScatteringChanging direction of light’s movement, without altering its wavelengths
RefractionChange in speed and direction of light
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Insolation at Earth’s Surface
Figure 4.2
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Refraction
Figure 4.4
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Energy PrinciplesAlbedo and reflection
Clouds, aerosols, and the atmosphere’s albedo
Absorption
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Albedo
Figure 4.5
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July and January Albedos
Figure 4.6
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Clouds and Albedo
Figure 4.7
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Atmospheric Aerosols
Figure 4.8
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Heat TransferConduction
Molecule-to-molecule transfer
ConvectionEnergy transferred by movement
AdvectionHorizontally dominant movement
RadiationEnergy traveling through air or space
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Heat Transfer
Figure 4.9
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Energy Balance in the Troposphere
The Greenhouse Effect and Atmospheric Warming
Clouds and Earth’s “Greenhouse”
Earth–Atmosphere Radiation Balance
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The Greenhouse Effect and Atmospheric Warming
Atmosphere absorbs heat energy
A real greenhouse traps heat inside
Atmosphere delays transfer of heat from Earth into space
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Clouds and Forcing
Figure 4.10
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Shortwave and Longwave Energy
Figure 4.11
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Earth–Atmosphere Radiation Balance
Figure 4.12
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Energy Budget by Latitude
Figure 4.13
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Energy Balance at Earth’s Surface
Daily Radiation Patterns
Simplified Surface Energy Balance
The Urban Environment
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Daily Radiation Curves
Figure 4.14
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Surface Energy Budget
Figure 4.15
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Simplified Surface Energy BalanceNET R =
+SW (insolation)
–SW (reflection)
+LW (infrared)
–LW (infrared)
Figure 4.16
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Global NET R
Figure 4.17
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Global Latent Heat
Figure 4.18
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Global Sensible Heat
Figure 4.19
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Solar Cooking Solution
Figure FS 4.1.1
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Solar Energy
Figure FS 4.1.2
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Radiation Budgets
Figure 4.20
El Mirage, CA
Pitt Meadows,BC
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The Urban Environment
Figure 4.21
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Urban Heat Island
Figure 4.22
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Urban Heat
IslandPilot
Project
Figure 4.23
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Robert W. ChristophersonCharlie Thomsen
Geosystems 7eAn Introduction to Physical Geography
End of Chapter 4