Chapter 4(aka “Running It Up a Flagpole and See If

Anyone Salutes”)

Chapter 4 Keys Brands we use everyday– the “Lisa Greatgal” example“Lisa Greatgal” and “Johnny Q. Public’s” Daily Media

DietThe contention that “media dominate our lives” based

on hours per year spent using various media (p. 63)That we may spend close to twice the amount of hours

per year consuming media (3649 hours) than we do if we work 40 hours a week for 50 weeks (2000 hours)

The price we pay for “free” television is being exposed to countless commercials

Advertising Pressures?Exposure to so many commercials (and

advertising in general)– does it put pressure on us to purchase things?

Researchers contend that advertising has a much more profound impact than we imagine on our consciousness, our identities, our belief systems, our private lives, and our societies and culture in general

What are the cultural consequences of the commercial and of the advertising industry in general?

Unconscious InfluencesPsychologists such as Carl Jung and Sigmund Freud

believed that things can be in our minds without our being aware of them

That the unconscious determines many of our actions, even though we are unaware that it is doing so

We have repressed much of the material in our unconscious and thus find ourselves doing things at the “command,” so to speak, of forces in our unconscious

Advertising agencies, some contend, use subliminal means- means that we are not conscious of- to persuade us to buy the products and services they are peddling

Such theories have never been proven- food for thoughtSee examples of ads with perceived subliminal message

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Branding- buying the “right” stuffAd agencies stress the importance of “branding”- which

involves developing an emotional tie between some product or service and individuals (brand loyalty)

More precisely, it involves an emotional tie between individuals and images they have of the product

It can be said that branding- the process of differentiation- is at the core of advertising (Cortese, p. 73)- that what distinguishes similar products is not ingredients but packaging and brand names

Would it surprise you to know that most major shampoos are made by two or three manufacturers?

The major thrust of advertising is to remind shoppers to seek out and purchase a particular brand

Branding seeks to nullify or compensate for the fact that products are otherwise fundamentally interchangeable

Which car is better? Tests have shown that consumers cannot distinguish

between their own brand of soap, beer, cigarette, water, cola, shampoo, gasoline from others

In a sense, advertising is like holding up two identical photographs and persuading you that they are different- in fact, that one is better than the other

Becoming attached to certain brands help us form an identity

We use brands to differentiate ourselves from other people and to generate images of ourselves to others that we think are positive

We become, so to speak, the sum of our brands– it is the symbolic value of brands, not the functions of the products, that become most important

Selling/Masking Ourselves In a marketing society like the U.S., we learn to market ourselves, and

using brand names gives anxiety-ridden people a sense of security that they believe will enhance the job of selling themselves that they feel they must do

You could say personality is the product– the term “personality” has its root in the Latin word “persona” which means “mask”

So our personalities are “masks” we wear to sell ourselves to others- to become popular, to market ourselves, to find a job or a mate

Our personalities- and the products we purchase to shape them- help us fit in, get along and advance in the world

But the products we use keep changing, which means our personas, to the extent that they are intimately connected to the products we use, keep changing also

And, sadly perhaps, our sense of ourselves- whether we are successes or failures- is tied, we are taught by advertising, to what we can afford

Our personalities, then, are to a considerable degree, products based on the material culture that we make part of our lives

And so we are doomed to constant change as we sample different styles and identities to suit our whims

The problem is that identity suggests some kind of coherence, and a constantly changing identity is a contradiction in terms