Chapter 4

“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

LearningLearning


LearningLearning

A relatively permanent change in A relatively permanent change in behavior that results from experiencebehavior that results from experience

TypesTypesClassical conditioningClassical conditioningOperant conditioningOperant conditioningCognitive and social learningCognitive and social learning


Classical Conditioning: Classical Conditioning: ExamplesExamples

Sound of a dentist’s drill: sweaty Sound of a dentist’s drill: sweaty palmspalms

Sight of significant other: smilingSight of significant other: smilingSmell of a certain beverage: nauseaSmell of a certain beverage: nauseaNoise of a can opener: cat comes Noise of a can opener: cat comes

runningrunning

How does this happen?How does this happen?


Pavlov’s ObservationPavlov’s Observation

Classical condition was Classical condition was discovered (accidentally) discovered (accidentally) by Ivan Pavlovby Ivan Pavlov

Studied digestion in dogsStudied digestion in dogsPresented meat powder and Presented meat powder and

measured salivationmeasured salivationDogs started salivating Dogs started salivating

beforebefore food was presented food was presentedWhy?Why?


Classical ConditioningClassical Conditioning

ComponentsComponentsUnconditioned Stimulus (US)Unconditioned Stimulus (US)Unconditioned Response (UR)Unconditioned Response (UR)Conditioned Stimulus (CS)Conditioned Stimulus (CS)Conditioned Response (CR)Conditioned Response (CR)


Pavlov’s Experiment: Phase 1Pavlov’s Experiment: Phase 1

Food (US): Food (US): salivation (UR)salivation (UR)Reflexive responseReflexive response

Tone: nothingTone: nothing



CS is repeatedly paired with the USCS is repeatedly paired with the USA tone is sounded before the food is A tone is sounded before the food is

presentedpresentedAcquisitionAcquisition



Eventually, the CS elicits a new CREventually, the CS elicits a new CRClassical conditioning is complete when Classical conditioning is complete when

hearing the tone by itself causes hearing the tone by itself causes salivationsalivation


Examples of Classical Examples of Classical ConditioningConditioning

Classical Condition at BGSUClassical Condition at BGSUClassical Condition at the OfficeClassical Condition at the Office


Classical Conditioning Classical Conditioning

Can you condition salivationCan you condition salivation


CS and US PresentationCS and US Presentation

Different Presentation TypesDifferent Presentation TypesDelayed conditioningDelayed conditioning

CS occurs before and duringCS occurs before and duringTrace conditioningTrace conditioning

CS ends before presentation of the USCS ends before presentation of the USBackward conditioningBackward conditioning

US comes first followed by CSUS comes first followed by CSSimultaneous conditioningSimultaneous conditioning

CS and US at the same timeCS and US at the same time


Classical Conditioning:Classical Conditioning:Conditioned Emotional ResponseConditioned Emotional Response

Conditioned emotional responseConditioned emotional responsePhobiasPhobias

Little AlbertLittle AlbertBiological preparednessBiological preparednessContrapreparednessContrapreparedness

Easy to develop a snake phobiaEasy to develop a snake phobiaHard to develop a car door phobiaHard to develop a car door phobia


Classical ConditioningClassical ConditioningExtinctionExtinctionRenewalRenewalSpontaneous recoverySpontaneous recovery


Classical ConditioningClassical Conditioning

Stimulus generalizationStimulus generalizationStimulus discriminationStimulus discrimination


Higher Order ConditioningHigher Order Conditioning

Pair CSPair CS11 with a new CS with a new CS22

CSCS22: CR: CRBut, CR will be weakerBut, CR will be weaker


Associative LearningAssociative Learning

This involves an organism making This involves an organism making a connection (or ‘association’) a connection (or ‘association’) between a particular situation between a particular situation and a particular response. and a particular response.

$$$$ = Happiness$$$$ = Happiness$$$$ = Sex$$$$ = Sex$$$$ = Love$$$$ = Love


Dissecting Classical Dissecting Classical ConditioningConditioning

Learning to be afraidLearning to be afraidInformation registers in the brainInformation registers in the brainAmygdala reactsAmygdala reactsHippocampus helps store associations Hippocampus helps store associations

with contextwith contextSets of neurons become linkedSets of neurons become linked


Classical Conditioning AppliedClassical Conditioning Applied

Drug overdosesDrug overdosesConditioned compensatory responseConditioned compensatory response

Smoking: environmental cuesSmoking: environmental cuesTherapy: systematic desensitizationTherapy: systematic desensitizationAdvertising: sex appealAdvertising: sex appealAnticipatory nauseaAnticipatory nauseaConditioning and the immune systemConditioning and the immune system


Types of LearningTypes of Learning

Classical conditioningClassical conditioningOperant conditioningOperant conditioningCognitive and social learningCognitive and social learning


Operant Conditioning: Operant Conditioning: ExamplesExamples

Tantrums are punished: fewer Tantrums are punished: fewer tantrumstantrums

Tantrums bring attention: more Tantrums bring attention: more tantrumstantrums

Slot machine pays out: gamble Slot machine pays out: gamble moremore

Reward dog for sitting: dog is likely Reward dog for sitting: dog is likely to sitto sitHow does this happen?How does this happen?


Operant Conditioning: Skinner Operant Conditioning: Skinner BoxBox


Example of Operant Example of Operant ConditioningConditioning

B. F. SkinnerB. F. Skinner


Operant Conditioning: Operant Conditioning: PrinciplesPrinciples

Positive Reinforcement:Positive Reinforcement: Behavior is increased because it is Behavior is increased because it is followed by rewarding stimulus. followed by rewarding stimulus.

Give a compliment, get a kiss give; you begin to give more compliments.Give a compliment, get a kiss give; you begin to give more compliments.

Negative ReinforcementNegative Reinforcement: Behavior is increased because a negative : Behavior is increased because a negative stimulus is removed. stimulus is removed.

Nag your roommate to clean, stop nagging when your roommate cleans; your Nag your roommate to clean, stop nagging when your roommate cleans; your roommate cleans more to avoid nagging.roommate cleans more to avoid nagging.

Positive Punishment:Positive Punishment: Behavior is decreased because it is followed Behavior is decreased because it is followed by negative stimulus. by negative stimulus.

You boss yells at you for arriving late; you arrive on time next time.You boss yells at you for arriving late; you arrive on time next time.

Negative Punishment:Negative Punishment: Behavior is decreased because rewarding Behavior is decreased because rewarding stimulus is removed. stimulus is removed.

You BF/GF won’t kiss you because you smoke; you begin to smoke less.You BF/GF won’t kiss you because you smoke; you begin to smoke less.


Beyond Basic ReinforcementBeyond Basic Reinforcement

GeneralizationGeneralizationDiscriminationDiscrimination

Discriminative stimulusDiscriminative stimulusExtinctionExtinctionSpontaneous recoverySpontaneous recoveryShapingShaping

Successive approximationsSuccessive approximationsRat BasketballRat Basketball


Reinforcement SchedulesReinforcement Schedules

ContinuousContinuousPartialPartialFixed intervalFixed intervalVariable intervalVariable intervalFixed ratioFixed ratioVariable ratioVariable ratio


Classical vs. Operant Classical vs. Operant ConditioningConditioning

Classical Classical conditioningconditioning Learned association Learned association

between US and CSbetween US and CS Organism is passiveOrganism is passive Responses elicitedResponses elicited

Operant conditioningOperant conditioning Associate response Associate response

and reinforcementand reinforcement Organism is activeOrganism is active Responses emittedResponses emitted

Shared featuresShared features– Extinction and spontaneous Extinction and spontaneous

recoveryrecovery– Generalization and Generalization and

discriminationdiscrimination


Types of LearningTypes of Learning

Classical conditioningClassical conditioningOperant conditioningOperant conditioningCognitive and social learningCognitive and social learning


Cognitive LearningCognitive Learning

Insight learningInsight learning““Aha” experienceAha” experienceSultan the chimpanzeeSultan the chimpanzee


Observational LearningObservational Learning

Bandura’s social learning theoryBandura’s social learning theoryBobo doll studyBobo doll studyModelingModeling

Learning from modelsLearning from models


Observational LearningObservational Learning

Violence on TVViolence on TV 57% of programs contain violence57% of programs contain violence 73% of perpetrators receive no punishment73% of perpetrators receive no punishment No harm to victim in almost half of the violent No harm to victim in almost half of the violent

interactionsinteractions 58% of victims show no pain58% of victims show no pain 4% of violent programs show nonviolent 4% of violent programs show nonviolent

solutionssolutions Video gamesVideo games

Chapter 4

Education

Transcript of Chapter 4