chapter 3:coordination and response

8/21/2019 chapter 3:coordination and response

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FORM 5

CHAPTER 3

COORDIN TION ND

RESPONSE

Kirsten (ThinkTankCentre)


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COORDINATION AND RESPONSE1. An organism experiences changes in its internal and

external environments all the time

2. The changes which cause responses in the body are

called stimuli

3. There are two types of stimuli:a) internal

b) external

4. Mammals detect stimuli through highly specialisedsensory cell called receptor.

5. Effectors in the body carry out the responses to stimuli



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COORDINATION AND RESPONSE

5. When the stimuli are detected and eventuallyresort in an appropriate response, it is called

coordination

6. The roles of coordination and response arecarried out by two different coordinating systems,

namely the nervous system and the endocrine

system



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The main component and pathway involved in detecting and

responding to changes in the external environmentputeri5578 5


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The main component and pathwayinvolved in detecting and responding tochan es in the internal environment

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THE ROLE OF HUMANNERVOUS SYSTEM

Organisation of the nervous system

1. The human nervous system consist of a giantnetwork of nerve cells or neurones, and nerve

tissues which convey information between thesensory receptors, the organs and effectors.

2. It is divided into main subsystem:

a) central nervous system (CNS), consist of brainand spinal cord

b) peripheral nervous system (PNS), consist of

cranial nerves and spinal nerves.puteri5578 7


8/54Human nervous systemputeri5578 8


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Cerebrum Divided into two halves called the cerebral

hemispheres (left and right) It is responsible for many mental abilities

Cerebellum Coordinating centre for body movements

Evaluates the information and relays the need for

coordinated movements back to the cerebrum

Then sends appropriate commands to the muscle

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Medulla oblongata

Regulates the internal body processes that do notrequires conscious effort, that is, automaticfunctions such as the heart beat and breathing.

Reflex centre for vomiting, coughing, sneezing,hiccupping and swallowing.

Important role in homeostatic regulation.

Control centre of the endocrine system

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Pituitary gland Secretes hormones that influence other glands and

body function Controls the release of several hormones from the

pituitary gland and thereby serve as important linkbetween the nervous and endocrine system.

Hypothalamus Responsible for sorting the incoming and outgoing

information in the cerebral cortex

Integrates the information from the sensoryreceptor to the cerebrum by enhancing certainsignals blocking others.

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The spinal cord and its function1. Contain within the vertebral column

2. It is consist of white matter and grey matter

a) in cross section, grey matter looks like a

butterfly or the letter H

b) consist mainly of cell bodies of neurones

c) surrounded by white matter

d) the white matter comprises myelin-coated

axons of neurones that extend the whole

length of the spinal cord

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A cross section of the spinal cord showing the white

matter and the grey matterputeri5578 14


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The neurones

The nervous system is made up of millions of

nerve cells called neurones

Neurones transmit nerve impulses to other

nerve cells, glands or muscles

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Types of neurones

Neurones afferent

(sensory)

Carry sensory

information from

receptor cell to the

brain and spinal

cord.

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Types of neurones

Neuronesefferent

carry

information from

the brain or

spinal cord to the

effectors, that is

the muscle or

gland cells

Kirsten (ThinkTankCentre) 17


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Types of neurones Interneurones

convey nerve

impulses between

the various parts of

the brain and spinalcord, transmit nerve

impulses between

afferent and efferent

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The transmission of informationacross synapses

Synapse is the site where two neurons, or a

neuron and a effector cell communicate.

The transmission of information across a

synapse involve the conversion of electrical

signals in the form of neurotransmitter

The function of synapses include controlling

and integrating the nerve impulses

transmitted by the stimulated receptors



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Voluntary action and involuntaryaction

The PNS has two main function

1. It transmits signal to the CNS for processing

2. It transmits responses from the CNS to the

rest of the body

Voluntary actions such as walking andtalking are under conscious control

Involuntary actions that involve skeletalmuscle allows immediate action that doesnot require conscious effort



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For example, if a finger touch a hot stove, the

reaction is to pull the finger immediately

without having to think about it In such circumstance when the responses to

stimuli are involuntary, they are called reflexes.

The nerve pathway involved in a reflex action iscalled a reflex arc

The effectors involved in involuntary action are

smooth muscle and cardiac muscle



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Diseases of the nervoussystem

Parkinsons disease

Is a progressive disorder of a CNS that typicallyaffect victims around the age of 60 years

onwards. Parkinsons disease affect muscular

movements, causing tremors or trembling of

the arms, jaws legs and face Patients also have difficulty in maintaining

normal postures and experience impairedbalance and coordination



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Alzheimer's disease

Alzheimer's disease is a neurological disorder which

affect victims around the age of 60yearsonwards, causesthe loss of reasoning and the ability to care for oneself.

Individual of Alzheimer's disease often become confuse,

forgetful, and lose their way although they are in place

which are familiar to them.

As their mind continue to deteriorate, patients may lose

the ability to read, write, eat, walk and talk.

the cause of this disease still unknown, but the factorssuch as genetic, environmental or the aging process

itself can lead to Alzheimer's disease



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The role of hormone in human Endocrine system consists of a number of glands

that secrete hormones.

Hormones are the chemical messenger produce

by the endocrine glands.

Although the hormones travel in the blood of the

body, they affect and influence only the specific

target cell.

Once the hormone binds to its target cell, thehormone cause the cell to respond in the specific

manner.



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puteri5578 25The transport of hormones to target cells


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The need for the endocrinesystem

1. The endocrine system and nervous systemplay important roles in maintaining

homeostasis.

2. Both this system often works together.



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The endocrine system controls involuntary actions Conveys chemical signal

(hormones) Messages are conveyed via

the bloodstream Message are conveyed

slowly Messages are carried from

the source to the variousdestination

The response or effects are

long-lasting

The nervous system Control voluntary and

involuntary actions

Conveys electrical signals Messages are conducted

via neurones.

Messages are conveyed

rapidly Messages are carried

between specificlocations

The responses or effectare temporary



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Regulation of hormones secretion The pituitary gland is regarded as the master

endocrine gland because it secrete severalhormones that control other endocrine gland

Pituitary gland itself controlled by thehypothalamus.

Pituitary gland consist of two parts:

a) posterior pituitary

b) anterior pituitary

The posterior pituitary contains the axons andsynaptic terminals of the neurosecretory cells thatoriginate in the hypothalamus



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The role of the hypothalamus in regulating thesecretion of hormones from the pituitary gland

Hypothalamus

Anterior pituitaryAnterior pituitary

ADH oxytocin

ACTH TSH FSH & LHGrowth

hormonesprolactin

Kidney tubules Smooth muscle in the

uterus

Adrenal

cortex

Thyroid Ovaries, testes Bones, tissues Mammary

glands


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ADH and axytocin are synthesised in theneurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus

but secrete by the posterior pituitary The hypothalamus controls the hormone

secretion of the anterior pituitary gland

and therefore, affect the secretion ofmany other endocrine glands indirectly.

The anterior pituitary controls the

secretions of hormones from the thyroidgland, the adrenal gland and gonad. All ofwhich are also endocrine glands.



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HYPOTHALAMUS

Thyroid-releasingHormone, TRH

ANTERIOR PITUITARYThyroid-stimulating

Hormone, TSH

TARGET GLANDThyroxine

Stimulates the anterior

pituitary to secrete TSH

Stimulates the target gland to

secrete Thyroxine

When the thyroxine concentration exceeds a certain level in the

blood, its inhibits TRH production in the hypothalamus and TSH

production from the anterior pituitary

Negative

feedback

inhibits the

release of

TSH

Negative

feedback

inhibits therelease of

TRH

Negative feedback mechanism in hormone regulation

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HOMEOSTASIS IN HUMAN Homeostasis is the maintenance of a relatively

constant internal environment. Physical factor such as body temperature and

blood pressure while chemical factor are sugar

level and osmotic pressure such as partial of

carbon dioxide and oxygen

The excretory system

Plays an important role in homeostasis The primary organs of the excretory system are

the kidneys.


F n ti n f th kidn


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Function of the kidneys1. Helps to regulates the water and salt balance in the

body by excreting more or less salt, and increasing the

in take or loss of water.

2. Regulate the osmotic pressure and ionic levels in the

blood

3. Excrete waste products.4. Regulate the blood pH

Waste products excreted by the kidneys are substances

that are not useful to the body such as waste productsfrom the metabolic reaction (urea, creatinine and uric

acid) and foreign substances in the diet (drugs or toxins)



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The human kidney The kidneys filter the blood and form the

urine which is exits the body through the

ureters, urinary bladder and urethra.

Urine consists of water, urea and other

dissolved waste, and some excess nutrients.

Human kidney has two distinct region:

a) Renal cortex

b) Renal medulla



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The nephron The functional unit of the kidney is the nephron.

The human kidney consists of about 1 millionnephrons.

A nephron consists of three major parts:

a) Glomerulusb) Bowmans capsule

c) Renal tubule

Renal tubule is made up of the:

a) Proximal convoluted tubule

b) Loop of Henle

c) Distal convoluted tubule36Kirsten (ThinkTankCentre)


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Nephron


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Nephron perform three basic process:

1. Ultrafiltration

2. Reabsorption

3. Secretion

Ultrafiltration When the blood enters the glomerulus, ultrafiltration

take place when the high pressure forces fluid throughthe filtration membrane into the capsular space

The fluid that enters into the capsular space is called theglomerular filtrate

glomerular filtrate contain water, glucose, amino acid,urea, mineral salt and other small molecule. Somecomposition as blood plasma but not contain red bloodcells and plasma protein

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Ultrafiltration in bowmans capsule

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R b


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Reabsorption Reabsorption take place when the substance

moves across the renal tubule into the capillarynetwork.

In the proximal convoluted tubule, there areabundance of mitochondria to generate ATP for

the process of active transport that used toreabsorb glucose and amino acid.

Solute concentration in the capillary network is

increase, so that water moves into the bloodcapillary by osmosis

In the loop of Henle, water, sodium and chlorideions are reabsorbed.



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At the distal convoluted tubule, more water, sodium

and chloride ions are reabsorbed.

B the time, the filtrate reaches the collecting duct, very

little salt left and 99% of water has been reabsorbed

into the bloodstream.

Only 1% of water in the filtrate actually leaves the body

as urine. Some urea diffuses out into the surrounding fluid and

blood because of its small molecular size.

Finally, about 45% of the original urea remain in the

collecting duct to be excrete in the urine.



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Secretion Not everything is filtered, only 20% of the plasma

leaves the blood vessels and enters the renaltubule. Hence there are waste product in theblood which were not filtered originally.

Secretion is a process in which waste and excess

substances that were not initially filtered aresecreted into the renal tubule.

Secretion take place in the renal tubules andcollecting ducts but is especially active at the distal

convoluted tubule. Secretion occurs by passive diffusion and active

transport.



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Detected by

osmoreseptors in

hypothalamus

Decrease in solute

potential

Normal plasma

osmotic level

Increased in solute

potential

Detected by

osmoreseptors in

hypothalamus

Increased permeability of distal

convoluted tubule and

collecting duct to water

Greater proportion of water

reabsorption in renal tubules

small volume of

concentration urine produced

large volume of dilute urine

produced

smaller proportion of water

reabsorption in renal tubules

Decreased permeability of

distal convoluted tubule and

collecting duct to water

n increased in

DH released

from posterior

pituitary

decreased in

DH released

from posterior

pituitary

Plasma solute potential

decreases

Plasma solute potential

increases

Increase

d water

intake

Decrease

d water

intake

REGULATION OF ADH PRODUCTION


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Notes about Kidney Dialysis:

The main stages that blood passes through during thedialysis process include:

Blood enters machine from body (under pressure from

radial artery).Pump (some diagrams show a roller pump) controlspressure and flow rate.Anticoagulant added to prevent clotting.Blood passes through dialysis membrane (equivalent to

kidney nephrons).Bubble Trap removes any gas bubbles from blood.Blood is filtered then returned to the patient's radial vein.


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Aft l D i f ti ft


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BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVEL

After meal

Rise in blood glucoselevel

Secretion of more insulinor less glucagon by

pancreas

Liver cellsabsorb

glucose fromblood to formglycogen

Increase inglucose uptake

by body cellsfor respiration

Liver cellbreak down

glycogen intoglucose

Decrease inglucose uptake

by body cellsfor respiration

Drop in blood glucoselevel

Secretion of less insulin ormore glucagon by

pancreas

During fasting or afterexercise

Blood glucose levelreturns to normal

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Practising a healthy lifestyle

Drugs can alter brain functions and therates at which neurones releaseneurotransmitters

There are some types of drug and theireffects on the body:


Stimulants


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Stimulants Increase the activity of the central nervous

system

Cocaine, nicotine, amphetamines & caffeineincrease the heart rate and alertness Hallucinations, LSD perceive things that do not

exist

49


D p ss nts


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Depressants Slow down the activity of the central nervous

system Alcohol, barbiturates & heroin slow down the

breathing rate &lower blood pressure


Plants hormones
http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S020sGf_dJ_OsAB1qjzbkF/SIG=126o44588/EXP=1241043078/**http%3A//www.midwestdrugrehab.com/images/heroin1.jpghttp://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S020nRfvdJVjwBBvyjzbkF/SIG=12dtple2n/EXP=1241043025/**http%3A//www.drugalcohol-rehab.com/images/heroin-addict.jpg


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Plants hormones

Plants hormones is a chemical substances whichis produced by the plants and influences the

growth and development of the plants. Examplesauxinsand ethylene

Auxins

Auxins controlled the plants respond to stimuli by

growing in a certain direction called tropism. Growth of shoots towards sunlight is called +ve

phototropism and growth of shoots away fromsunlight is called -ve phototropism.

Auxins promotes the elongation of cells in theshoot


The growth movement of a plant is response to


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The growth movement of a plant is response to

gravity is called geotropism.

Auxins is used to:

a) Increase the stem length by increasing the rate of cell

division

b) Stimulate the growth of adventitious roots from the

stemc) Parthenocarpy, produce seedless fruit

d) Promotes growth of plants cells. Delay fruit ripening

and prevent fruit from falling off the plant before it is

ripe


Ethylene


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Ethylene Ethylene is a plant hormones which is synthesised

during the ripening of fruits. The synthesis of ethylene occurs in fruits, leaves and

stems

Speedup the ripening of fruits by stimulating theproduction of cellulase that used to hydrolyses the

cellulose in plants cells walls, making the fruits soft.

Promotes the breakdown of complex carbohydrates

into simple sugar. That is why a ripe fruit tastes

sweeter than an unripe fruit



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THE

END

chapter 3:coordination and response

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