Chapter 38Chapter 38

Digestive & Excretory SystemDigestive & Excretory System

Question of the dayQuestion of the day

What is the first part of food digestion?

Makes contact with your mouth - chewing!

What is the first part of food digestion?

Makes contact with your mouth - chewing!

38-1 Food & Nutrition38-1 Food & Nutrition Calories Nutrients - substances

that provide energy for your body

Kinds of Nutrients Water Carbohydrates - Sugar Fats - fatty acids Proteins - amino acids Vitamins - organics Minerals - inorganics

Calories Nutrients - substances

that provide energy for your body

Kinds of Nutrients Water Carbohydrates - Sugar Fats - fatty acids Proteins - amino acids Vitamins - organics Minerals - inorganics

VitaminsVitamins Vitamins are the ignition of a

body Organic molecules work with

enzymes to regulate body Important Vitamins: A - retinol (green vegetables)

for sight & skin cells B12 - cyanocobalamin (meat,

eggs, dairy) for red blood cells C - ascorbic acid (citrus,

broccoli) for immune system D - calciferol (fish oil, eggs) for

bone growth

Vitamins are the ignition of a body

Organic molecules work with enzymes to regulate body

Important Vitamins: A - retinol (green vegetables)

for sight & skin cells B12 - cyanocobalamin (meat,

eggs, dairy) for red blood cells C - ascorbic acid (citrus,

broccoli) for immune system D - calciferol (fish oil, eggs) for

bone growth

MineralsMinerals Inorganic nutrients body

needs in small amounts Body does not digest

minerals, loses them Important minerals Calcium - dairy (bones) Potassium - bananas

(nerves, acidity) Sodium - salt (body water

balance) Iron - meats, grains

(hemoglobin & ETC) Zinc - meats, seafood

(digestion enzymes)

Inorganic nutrients body needs in small amounts

Body does not digest minerals, loses them

Important minerals Calcium - dairy (bones) Potassium - bananas

(nerves, acidity) Sodium - salt (body water

balance) Iron - meats, grains

(hemoglobin & ETC) Zinc - meats, seafood

(digestion enzymes)

The Need to Balance a Diet

The Need to Balance a Diet

Important to have each food group in right proportions

5 necessary groups: Dairy Proteins Veggies Fruits Grains 1 unnecessary group: Fats, Oils, & Sweets

Important to have each food group in right proportions

5 necessary groups: Dairy Proteins Veggies Fruits Grains 1 unnecessary group: Fats, Oils, & Sweets

Question of the dayQuestion of the day

What is the technical term for chewing your food?

Mastication Refers to your

muscles in the jaw called masseters

What is the technical term for chewing your food?

Mastication Refers to your

muscles in the jaw called masseters

38-2 Process of Digestion38-2 Process of Digestion Digestion - converts foods

into simpler molecules for use

Starts in the mouth with teeth - chewing

Salivary glands kick in - secrete enzymes to digest

Enzymes are called Amylase break down sugar

Turns food into ball Called BOLUS

Digestion - converts foods into simpler molecules for use

Starts in the mouth with teeth - chewing

Salivary glands kick in - secrete enzymes to digest

Enzymes are called Amylase break down sugar

Turns food into ball Called BOLUS

Next Part of DigestionNext Part of Digestion Once food is swallowed: Moves to PHARYNX (top

part of throat) Does NOT go into Larynx That’s your windpipe to

lungs Epiglottis prevents food

& water going to lungs Moves to ESOPHAGUS By PERISTALSIS -

rythmic contractions pushing food to stomach

Once food is swallowed: Moves to PHARYNX (top

part of throat) Does NOT go into Larynx That’s your windpipe to

lungs Epiglottis prevents food

& water going to lungs Moves to ESOPHAGUS By PERISTALSIS -

rythmic contractions pushing food to stomach

To the Stomach!To the Stomach!

How does food enter?

By a Sphincter (Gateway)

Stomach begins digestion 2 ways

Chemically Mechanically

How does food enter?

By a Sphincter (Gateway)

Stomach begins digestion 2 ways

Chemically Mechanically

Digestion (Cont.)Digestion (Cont.)

Chemical - Hydrochloric Acid Mucus - protects stomach

lining Pepsin - break proteins Mechanical - Stomach muscles

contract & churn Mix fluids & foods like

washing machine Creates Chyme

Chemical - Hydrochloric Acid Mucus - protects stomach

lining Pepsin - break proteins Mechanical - Stomach muscles

contract & churn Mix fluids & foods like

washing machine Creates Chyme

Moving to Small IntestineMoving to Small Intestine

Leaves stomach via Pyloric Sphincter

Into Small Intestine Gets help from

pancreas & liver Removes fats,

proteins, carbs thru wall

Wall is made of VILLI Small fingers that

absorb all nutrients

Leaves stomach via Pyloric Sphincter

Into Small Intestine Gets help from

pancreas & liver Removes fats,

proteins, carbs thru wall

Wall is made of VILLI Small fingers that

absorb all nutrients

Large IntestineLarge Intestine

Food is still Chyme Gets to Large Intestine Main goal is to remove

remaining nutrients & water

Then moves to colon as waste

Excreted thru rectum & anal sphincter

Called Stool (crap)

Food is still Chyme Gets to Large Intestine Main goal is to remove

remaining nutrients & water

Then moves to colon as waste

Excreted thru rectum & anal sphincter

Called Stool (crap)

38-3 Excretory System38-3 Excretory System

Kidney - filters blood Starts in renal artery

Goes to Nephron (1000s in a kidney)

There water, nutrients go back to body

Wastes get filtered, sent to ureter , bladder

What is waste called? Urine

Kidney - filters blood Starts in renal artery

Goes to Nephron (1000s in a kidney)

There water, nutrients go back to body

Wastes get filtered, sent to ureter , bladder

What is waste called? Urine

Cool NephronCool Nephron Inside Nephron are three important parts:

Glomerulus - where artery (blood) comes in

Bowman’s Capsule - protects glomerulus

Loop of Henle - tube that collects water, sends back to body

Animals that are efficient w/ water have very long loops of Henle

Examples? Camels Other desert animals Sea Birds

Inside Nephron are three important parts:

Glomerulus - where artery (blood) comes in

Bowman’s Capsule - protects glomerulus

Loop of Henle - tube that collects water, sends back to body

Animals that are efficient w/ water have very long loops of Henle

Examples? Camels Other desert animals Sea Birds

Kidney Problems & DiseasesKidney Problems & Diseases

Two main problems that effect Kidneys:

Renal Failure (Dialysis) - kidneys shut down and unless something filters blood - you die

Diabetes - high blood sugar makes kidneys work very hard

Body can’t absorb sugar in blood

Two main problems that effect Kidneys:

Renal Failure (Dialysis) - kidneys shut down and unless something filters blood - you die

Diabetes - high blood sugar makes kidneys work very hard

Body can’t absorb sugar in blood