Chapter 37

The Eisenhower Era

1952-1960

1952 Election• Democrats= Adalai Stevenson,

Republicans= Dwight D. Eisenhower and Richard Nixon (VP)

• “I Like Ike!”

• TV campaign/advertising

• Nixon’s Checkers Speech

• Somewhat a return to normalcy

• 442 EV for Ike, 89 for Stevenson

The Republicans’ Choice, 1952

Presidential Election of 1952 (with electoral vote by state)A Democrat quipped that “if the voters liked the Republicans the way they liked Ike, the two-party system would be in bad shape.” Fortunately for Democrats, Eisenhower scored a personal, not a party, victory. Republicans won minuscule majorities in Congress, which disappeared in the congressional elections two years later.

McCarthyism• Joseph McCarthy= “205 Communists

in state department” witch hunt

• Army-McCarthy hearings in 1954 on TV

• Hearings combined with Edward R. Murrow’s attack on McCarthy= change in public opinion

• McCarthyism often refers to entire hysteria

Senator McCarthy Extinguishes the Torch of LibertyWhile preaching patriotism, McCarthy irresponsibly menaced American traditions of civil liberties.

Call for Civil Rights

• Jim Crow laws in South, denied voting

• 1955: murder of Emmett Till in Mississippi

• December 1955: Rosa Parks Montgomery Bus Boycott led by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.

• 1948: Truman desegregated military

• Warren Court- Chief Justice Earl Warren= judicial activism

The Face of SegregationThese women in the segregated South of the 1950s were compelled to enterthe movie theater through the “Colored Entrance.” Once inside, they were restricted to a separate seating section, usually in the rear of the theater.

Call for Civil Rights• 1954 Brown vs. Board of Education

litigated by Thurgood Marshall• “separate but equal is inherently

unequal”• Desegregation of schools “with all

deliberate speed”- Southern opposition• 1964 less than 2% in Deep South

abided• 1957 Little Rock Nine at Central High

School barred by Orval Faubus

Integration at Little Rock, 1957While white mobs jeered at the first black students entering Central High School, federal troops, with bayonets fixed, enforced the law.

Call for Civil Rights• Civil Rights Act of 1957= mild voting

rights and Civil Rights Commission• 24 hour filibuster by Strom Thurmond• 1957 Southern Christian Leadership

Conference (SCLC) with King= nonviolent• February 1960 Greensboro sit in

movement at Woolworth’s lunch counters• April 1960 Student Non-Violent

Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

Martin Luther King, Jr., and His Wife, Coretta, ArrestedKing and his wife were arrested for the first time in Montgomery, Alabama, in 1955 while organizing the bus boycott.

Brinkmanship• John Foster Dulles= Mutually Assured

Destruction

• Geneva Summit 1955 with new Premier Nikita Khrushchev– Open Skies, arms reduction, free trade

• Crisis in Hungary 1956

Hungarian Uprising, October 26, 1956Soviet tanks rolled through the streets of Budapest to crush an anticommunist uprising against the Soviets, who had controlled Hungary since World War II. This demonstration of brute force against a grassroots democratic movement turned many communist sympathizers in the West definitively against the Soviet Union.

Start of Vietnam• Indochina= controlled by French (then

Japanese) then French after war• Ho Chi Minh= leader of communist party

and the Vietminh• Split of Vietnam after fall of Dien Bien

Phu May 1954= split at 17th parallel• US assistance + Domino Theory• US backed government in South

Vietnam with Ngo Dihn Diem= cancel free elections!

East and Southeast Asia, 1955–1956

Middle East• 1953 CIA coup d’etat in Iran replace

Mohammad Mossadegh with shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi

• Egyptian President Nasser wanted a dam and arms from USSR

• Suez Crisis

• Eisenhower Doctrine 1957– Tested in 1958 with Lebanon

Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser, 1954Shown here greeting exuberant supporters after his election as the first president of the new Egyptian republic, Nasser was long a thorn in the flesh of American and Europeanpolicymakers anxious to protect the precious oil resources of the Middle East. “Nassarism,” his version of pan-Arabism, won a great following in the Arab world during the 1950s and 1960s.

Space Race

• Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles (1957) by Soviets and Sputnik

• US= Space Race!– Educational focus on math and science– Creation of NASA– 1959 US achieved ICBMs

U-2 Program

• Ease Cold War tensions= Paris Peace Summit

• U-2 Program started after Geneva

• May 1, 1960: U-2 shot down (Francis Gary Powers)

• Khrushchev walked out of Summit

Castro

• Resentment in Latin America

• US backed dictator in Cuba Batista overthrown in 1959

• Fidel Castro= land distribution and communism embargo by US

• 10% of Cuba left in exile

1960 Election• GOP= Nixon vs. Democrats= JFK

• Kennedy= Catholic

• September 1960: 1st televised debate= looked good

• 303 EV for JFK, 219 for Nixon but popular vote within 118,574

John F. Kennedy Campaigning for the Presidency, 1960At right is his wife, Jacqueline Kennedy.

The Shopping Mall as New Town Square, 1960

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/1b/Nytimes1960electionpage.jpg

Presidential Election of 1960 (with electoral vote by state)Kennedy owed his hairbreadth triumph to his victories in twenty-six of the forty largest cities—and to Lyndon Johnson’s strenuous campaigning in the South, where Kennedy’s Catholicism may have been a hotter issue than his stand on civil rights.

Society• Changing nature of work (blue collar

white collar)• Cult of Domesticity juxtaposed with

women working (pink collar)= psychological strain

• The Feminine Mystique by Betty Friedan 1960

• Reactionary: The Lonely Crowd and The Man in the Gray Flannel Suit

• Commercialization + media– Elvis Presley, Marilyn Monroe