Plant Growth (Chap 35) Plant response (Chap 39) Slide show by Kim Foglia modified.
Chapter 35- Plant structure and growth part 1
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1 Figure 35.0 The effect of submersion in water on leaf developme Figure 35.0 The effect of submersion in water on leaf development in nt in Cabomba Cabomba Figure 35.0x The effect of wind on plant form in fir trees Figure 35.0x The effect of wind on plant form in fir trees Figure 35.1 A comparison of monocots and Figure 35.1 A comparison of monocots and dicots dicots Figure 35.2 Morphology of a flowering plant: an overview Figure 35.2 Morphology of a flowering plant: an overview Root Systems Root Systems Tap Roots Tap Roots Adventitious Adventitious Roots Roots Fibrous Roots Fibrous Roots Root Systems Root Systems Root Hairs Root Hairs Extensions of Extensions of individual epidermal individual epidermal cells cells Greatly expand Greatly expand surface area of root surface area of root Major sites of water Major sites of water and nutrient uptake and nutrient uptake
Transcript of Chapter 35- Plant structure and growth part 1
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Figure 35.0 The effect of submersion in water on leaf developmeFigure 35.0 The effect of submersion in water on leaf development in nt in CabombaCabomba Figure 35.0x The effect of wind on plant form in fir treesFigure 35.0x The effect of wind on plant form in fir trees
Figure 35.1 A comparison of monocots and Figure 35.1 A comparison of monocots and dicotsdicots Figure 35.2 Morphology of a flowering plant: an overviewFigure 35.2 Morphology of a flowering plant: an overview
Root SystemsRoot Systems
Tap RootsTap Roots
Adventitious Adventitious RootsRoots
Fibrous RootsFibrous Roots
Root SystemsRoot Systems
�� Root HairsRoot Hairs�� Extensions of Extensions of
individual epidermal individual epidermal cellscells
�� Greatly expand Greatly expand surface area of rootsurface area of root
�� Major sites of water Major sites of water and nutrient uptakeand nutrient uptake
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Shoot systemShoot system-- StemStem
�� NodesNodes
�� InternodesInternodes
�� AxilAxil
�� Axillary budAxillary bud
�� ApexApex
�� Terminal BudTerminal Bud
STOLONSTOLON
BULBBULBTUBERTUBER
RHIZOMERHIZOME
Figure 35.5 Simple versus compound leavesFigure 35.5 Simple versus compound leaves
Shoot Systems Shoot Systems -- LeavesLeaves
Dicots have net Dicots have net venationvenation
Monocots have Monocots have parallel venationparallel venation
Tendrils: to help plant climbTendrils: to help plant climb
To store waterTo store water
Spines: protectionSpines: protection
Colors: to attract pollinatorsColors: to attract pollinators
Figure 35.6x Figure 35.6x LithopsLithops, a stone, a stone--mimicking plant from South African desertsmimicking plant from South African deserts
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From apical meristem to From apical meristem to primary tissuesprimary tissues
Apical Meristem
Protoderm Ground meristem Procambium
Epidermis(dermal tissue system)
Ground tissue -parenchyma,
collenchyma, sclerenchyma(Ground tissue system)
Primary xylem and phloem(vascular tissue system)
Review of general plant cell structureReview of general plant cell structure
Types of Plant CellsTypes of Plant Cells
�� ParenchymaParenchyma--�� generally alive at maturity, generally alive at maturity,
�� thin primary walls, thin primary walls,
�� carry out most of cells basic metabolic carry out most of cells basic metabolic functions functions –– photosynthesis, storage, secretionphotosynthesis, storage, secretion
�� Are Are totipotenttotipotent
Types of plant cellsTypes of plant cells
�� CollenchymaCollenchyma--�� generally alive at maturitygenerally alive at maturity
�� Differentially thickened secondary wallsDifferentially thickened secondary walls
�� Provide flexible structural support Provide flexible structural support
�� SclerenchymaSclerenchyma--�� Dead at functional maturityDead at functional maturity
�� Thick secondary wallsThick secondary walls
�� Provide support Provide support –– fibers and fibers and sclereidssclereids
�� Conduct water Conduct water –– vessel elements and tracheidsvessel elements and tracheids
Figure 35.11 The three major categories of plant cellsFigure 35.11 The three major categories of plant cells
The three tissue systemsThe three tissue systems
��DermalDermal
��VascularVascular
��GroundGround
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Tissue systemsTissue systems��Dermal Dermal
�� EpidermisEpidermis
�� cuticlecuticle
�� StomaStoma
�� TrichomesTrichomes
��VascularVascular�� XylemXylem
�� PhloemPhloem
��GroundGround�� PithPith
�� CortexCortex
Dermal Dermal
Vascular Vascular -- XylemXylem Vascular Vascular -- PhloemPhloem
Ground TissueGround Tissue
�� Anything that is not Anything that is not vascular or dermalvascular or dermal
�� In dicot stems In dicot stems �� Pith Pith
�� cortexcortex
Plant Growth and Plant Growth and DevelopmentDevelopment
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Figure 35.12 Locations of major meristems: an overview of plantFigure 35.12 Locations of major meristems: an overview of plant growthgrowth
From apical meristem to From apical meristem to primary tissuesprimary tissues
Apical Meristem
Protoderm Ground meristem Procambium
Epidermis(dermal tissue system)
Ground tissue -parenchyma,
collenchyma, sclerenchyma(Ground tissue system)
Primary xylem and phloem(vascular tissue system)
Primary GrowthPrimary Growth
Figure 35.14 Primary growth of a rootFigure 35.14 Primary growth of a root
Figure 35.15 Organization of primary tissues in young rootsFigure 35.15 Organization of primary tissues in young roots Figure 35.16 The formation of lateral rootsFigure 35.16 The formation of lateral roots
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Figure 35.17 The terminal bud and primary growth of a shootFigure 35.17 The terminal bud and primary growth of a shoot Figure 35.18 Organization of primary tissues in young stemsFigure 35.18 Organization of primary tissues in young stems
Figure 35.19 Leaf anatomyFigure 35.19 Leaf anatomy
Monocot leaf XSDicot leaf XS
Summary of Primary and Summary of Primary and Secondary GrowthSecondary Growth
Apical Apical
MeristemMeristem
CorkCorkGround Ground meristemmeristem
ProtodermProtoderm
ProcambiumProcambium
Ground Ground Tissue: Tissue:
Pith and Pith and cortexcortex
Primary xylem Primary xylem
Primary PhloemPrimary Phloem
EpidermisEpidermis
Secondary Secondary xylem xylem
Secondary Secondary PhloemPhloem
Cork Cork CambiumCambium
VascularVascular
CambiumCambium
Primary Primary meristemsmeristems
Primary Primary tissuestissues
Secondary Secondary tissuestissues
lateral lateral meristemsmeristems
Secondary GrowthSecondary Growth
�� Lateral meristemsLateral meristems�� Vascular cambiumVascular cambium
�� Ray initialsRay initials
�� FusiformFusiform initialsinitials
�� Cork cambiumCork cambium
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Ray and Ray and FusiformFusiform InitialsInitialsFigure 35.20 Production of secondary xylem and phloem by the vaFigure 35.20 Production of secondary xylem and phloem by the vascular cambiumscular cambium
Inside of the tree
Outside of the tree
C P
D
XCambium cell
DDerivative cell(xylem)
Xylem cell Phloem cell
Derivative cell(phloem)
Secondary GrowthSecondary Growth
�� PeridermPeriderm –– replaces the epidermis in replaces the epidermis in plants with secondary growth. plants with secondary growth. �� Cork cambium Cork cambium –– meristem that produces the meristem that produces the
peridermperiderm
�� Cork Cork –– the protective tissue made to the the protective tissue made to the outside of the cork cambiumoutside of the cork cambium
�� Phelloderm Phelloderm –– a living parenchyma tissue a living parenchyma tissue formed to the inside of the cork cambiumformed to the inside of the cork cambium
Figure 35.13 Morphology of a winter twigFigure 35.13 Morphology of a winter twig
Figure 35.21 Secondary growth of a stem (Layer 1)Figure 35.21 Secondary growth of a stem (Layer 1) Figure 35.21 Secondary growth of a stem (Layer 2)Figure 35.21 Secondary growth of a stem (Layer 2)
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Figure 35.21 Secondary growth of a stem (Layer 3)Figure 35.21 Secondary growth of a stem (Layer 3) Figure 35.22 Anatomy of a threeFigure 35.22 Anatomy of a three--yearyear--old stemold stem
Figure 35.22x Secondary growth of a stemFigure 35.22x Secondary growth of a stem
LenticelsLenticels
Variability in Bark typesVariability in Bark typesFigure 35.23 Anatomy of a tree trunkFigure 35.23 Anatomy of a tree trunk
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Figure 35.24 A summary of primary and secondary growth in a wooFigure 35.24 A summary of primary and secondary growth in a woody stemdy stem Figure 35.25 The proportion of Figure 35.25 The proportion of Arabidopsis Arabidopsis genes in different functional categoriesgenes in different functional categories
Figure 35.26 The plane and symmetry of cell division influence Figure 35.26 The plane and symmetry of cell division influence development of formdevelopment of form Figure 35.27 The Figure 35.27 The preprophasepreprophase band and the plane of cell divisionband and the plane of cell division
Figure 35.28 The orientation of plant cell expansionFigure 35.28 The orientation of plant cell expansion Figure 35.29 A hypothetical mechanism for how microtubules orieFigure 35.29 A hypothetical mechanism for how microtubules orient cellulose nt cellulose microfibrilsmicrofibrils
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Figure 35.30 The Figure 35.30 The fassfassmutant of mutant of Arabidopsis Arabidopsis confirms the confirms the importance of cortical importance of cortical microtubules to plant microtubules to plant growthgrowth
�� Cell lineage does not Cell lineage does not necessarily determine necessarily determine cell differentiationcell differentiation
Cell differentiationCell differentiationFigure 35.32 Too much Figure 35.32 Too much ““volumevolume”” from a homeotic genefrom a homeotic gene
Figure 35.33 Example of cellular differentiationFigure 35.33 Example of cellular differentiation
