CHAPTER 34. I. Roosevelt and foreign policy A. London Economic Conference to attack global...
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Transcript of CHAPTER 34. I. Roosevelt and foreign policy A. London Economic Conference to attack global...
A. London Economic Conference to attack global depression stabilize national currencies fearing that the conference might hurt
Roosevelt’s gold policies because of an international agreement he urges delegates to concentrate on more basic economic ills.
this will cause the conference to be a failure -- demonstrates the strength of U.S. position in the world
B. Soviet Recognition
The government was firmly in control the other major countries had recognized them our cold shoulder treatment had not caused
the Soviet Union to collapse some Americans felt that a recognition of
Moscow might bolster Russian against Japan. U.S. might be able to enrich trade with Soviet
Union
C. Soviet Promises
Soviets promise to refrain from revolutionary propaganda in America.
they will break that pledge trade will never develop because Russia
is denied a loan.
E. Good Neighbor policy
possible because there were fewer dollars to be protected by the rifles of the Marines.
retreat from economic imperialism. War in Europe causes U.S. to want to
encourage Latin America to line up with U.S. to defend Western Hemisphere
F. What did the plan implement?
U.S. renounce armed intervention marines leave Haiti in 1934 Platt Amendment relieved in Cuba
except for Guantanamo U.S. received high praise and best
relations with Latin America
G. Cordell Hull’s Reciprocal Trade Agreement
Trade is a two way street Purpose was to help America out of the
Depression by opening up markets Pacts with 21 countries Trade does increase Lower tariff rates by 50% provided that
the other countries respond with similar action
A. Totalitarianism in Europe
Communism in Russia with Stalin as dictator
Mussolini in Italy in 1922 (fascist) Hitler in Germany 1933 (fascist) Militarism in Japan and the military
controls the Emperor
B. Rome Berlin Axis
German people followed Hitler because they see no other way out of the economic chaos and national disgrace
Mussolini takes over in Italy for the same reasons – They attack Ethiopia in 1935
As these events take place in Europe, Isolationism increases in America
We had learned lessons from WWI – we had a mote lets use it.
The depression was in the minds of most Americans
A. When the President proclaims the existence of a foreign war
No American could sail on a belligerent ship
We could not sell or transport munitions to a belligerent
We could not make loans to a belligerent
This was an example of our – STORM CELLAR NEUTRALITY
This fails to recognize our power to control international events.
It tends to overbalance in favor of the dictators because we fail to use our great strength to help our democratic friends.
We will decline to build up our armed forces to deter aggressors
B. SPANISH CIVIL WAR
Franco is helped by Hitler and Mussolini Loyalist are helped by the Soviets Washington continues official relations
but applies the Neutrality legislation to both sides which condemns the Spanish Democracy to death as we appease the dictators.
C. Japanese Appeasement
1937 Japan invades China Roosevelt declines to invoke neutrality to keep
from cutting off needed materials Gives a Quarantine Speech in fall of 1937
asking for “positive endeavors to quarantine aggressors” (economic embargos)
Causes isolationists to protest that a “moral quarantine would lead to a shooting quarantine.”
D. JAPAN BOMBS THE PANAY
No reaction at home like the Maine Apology of Japan is accepted,
indemnities were paid and Americans were relieved
E. Germany
Hitler flouts the Versailles treaty and moves into the Rhineland 1936
Hitler builds the most devastating military machine the world had ever known -- blitzkreig
Early1938 Hitler Annexes Austria Then he takes the Sudetenland in 1938 and
the Munich Agreement is signed 1939 takes the rest of Czechoslovakia Aug of 39 he signs the Nazi – Soviet Pact
which allows Hitler to attack Poland Britain and France declare war
F. 1938 he begins the process of liquidating the Jews 1935 Nuremberg laws denied German Jews
Citizenship 1938 German Jews were barred from attending
Concerts, plays, schools, universities, and they had to register their property.
When a Jewish youth assassinated a German official in Paris--Hitler levied a fine against all Jews of 400 Million Dollars
Kristallnacht Nov. 9 1938
G. Neutrality Act of 1939
To avoid loans and war debts Avoid torpedoing of American carriers Solves the unemployment crisis France falls in 1940 with Mussolini’s
Help Hitler then takes Denmark, Norway,
Holland, and Belgium
H. Americans begin to wake up
Congress appropriates 37 billion in 1940 Builds an Air Fleet and a two Ocean
Navy This was more than the total cost of all
of WWI Begins the FIRST PEACE TIME DRAFT
I. Loans to Europe
Surplus arms go to Britain Sept. 2, 1940 -- U.S. transfers 50 old
model destroyers to Britain for bases in Newfoundland and other islands
This was done by Presidential Executive Order to avoid Congressional Debate
J. Isolationists
Numerous and sincere Organize the America First Committee Let Hitler “try” to come over here The Yanks are not coming Most effective spokes person Col.
Charles Lindberg Page 811
K. Election of 1940
Roosevelt the Demo. 3rd term Willkie the Rep. Both were anti war Roosevelt Wins In his inaugural address he outlines his
four freedoms – Freedom of Speech, Freedom of Worship, Freedom from Want, and Freedom from Fear
A. Lend Lease Act
An act to further promote the defense of America
A device to keep us out of war America would send a limitless amount
of arms and settle at the end of the war by returning weapons
Aimed at the axis powers
B. Hitler recognizes the lend lease act as an unofficial act of war.
Tried to keep American favor by not sinking American ships
Turns to sinking American ships in 1941 – sank the Robin Moor.
American begins to convoy shipments – destroyers Kearney and Reuben James sunk
Fears of the isolationists are realized With the collapse of France and the
Netherlands, Japan moves south
C. Atlantic CharterRoosevelt 14 points
Atlantic conference is held in Aug. 1941 – between Roosevelt and Churchill
No territorial changes contrary to the will of the inhabitants
Right to choose government Call for a new league of nations 8 points in all
D. Pearl Harbor
1940 Japan and Germany form the Rome Berlin Tokyo axis
Japan depends on U.S. oil, steel, gas and scrap iron
Mid 1941 U.S. embargos oil shipments to all nations except Western Hemisphere and Britain.
September – A Japanese Imperial Conference approves an attack in Hawaii
November -- Japan presents their final proposal to Secretary of State Cordell Hull
E. Final U.S. ultimatum – Japan must move out of China to resume
getting Oil Japan attacks Pearl Harbor Dec. 7,
1941 Most American commanders felt the
attack would come in the south Pacific
7:53 AM 2 hours long 3 out of 8 battle ships sunk the others badly
damaged 19 ships sunk or disabled 150 planes destroyed 2400 Americans die