Rebirth and Revolution: Nation-Building in East Asia and the Pacific Rim

Chapter 34By: Jade Carroll, Cielo Delarosa, Nikki

Duaban, Jordan Gamble, Daniel Klinger, and Nicole Perman

JapanAtomic Bombing of Nagasaki

• Devastated by the war• It was occupied by the United States.• General Douglass MacArthur was the head of general occupation.• Americans introduced reforms to Japan.• Broke up the large estates that were beneficial to small farmers. • Severely weakened police and military forces.• Formed democratic processes over time.• In the new Constitution, Parliament was placed over the Emperor.• Liberal Democratic party monopolized Japan’s Government.• Selective Westernization

Korea(North)• The Soviets sponsored the Peoples Democratic Republic of Korea in the

North • The North became Communist • North led by: Kim Il-Sung

Korea(South)

• The South became Democratic with the Central Government still in authority.

• South led by: Syngman Rhee• The Americans sponsored the Republic of Korea the South

Korean War

• Allies agreed for Korea to become independent.• The Soviet and U.S. joint occupation evolved into two separate

countries• The North attacked the South, US defended the South, and the

Korean War Began• Led by MacArthur• Members of the UN came and took action against North Korea

Korean War(continued)• Chinese Volunteers fought the Americans• Americans pushed back the North Koreans• The Korean front stopped at the original Korean border• Armistice was signed to restore the border between the two

nations, ending right where they started: 38th parallel• Cease fire signed, Korean war officially ended

Taiwan

• Chinese wanted to conquer Taiwan but couldn’t due to their lack of a navy

• High tensions between the two• Chinese bombarded two nationalist islands • US and Chinese reached an agreement • US convinced Nationalists not to attack China• Taiwan became a prosperous nation

Hong Kong& Singapore• Hong Kong remained a British colony after WWII• Hong Kong’s Chinese population greatly increased

because of emigrants• Hong Kong given to China in 1997• Singapore was owned by the British after WWII• Singapore became an independent nation in 1965• Singapore was a large British naval base until

1971

• New Economic Dynamics• South Korea

• Military Ranks• Political Positions• Protest

The Pacific Rim: More Japans?

Syngman Rhee

Development from top down

• Emphasis on Economic Growth• Matching Japan• Steel

• Hyundai• Chung Ju Yung• Ships, Schools, Houses, a Technical College, and

Martial Arts Arena• General Changes

• Population Soared• Emigrations• Pollution• Mild Poverty

Advances in Taiwan and the City-States• Economic Development• Agriculture & Industry• Communist Involvement• Economic Planning• Education

• Changes• Medical Practices• Religion

• Concerns• U.S. Recognizes the People’s

Republic of China• Decreased Commitment

• Unofficial Contacts• American Institute in

Taiwan • Coordination Council for

North American Affairs• Asian Governments

• Politics• Beijing• Chiang Ching-kuo

• Reduced Social Gap

• No Political Diversity

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rra4_Glgw10

Mao’s China: Vanguard of World Revolution?

Chiang Kai-shek vs. the Communist – 1930s

• Chiang focused on communist – Japanese invade• Allied w/ communist

• Communist take advantage of invasion• Took coastal areas• Japanese destroy Nationalist forces• Communist guerilla warfare

• Civil War- Communist won• Shift in allegiance • Chiang retreats to Formosa (Taiwan)• Mao proclaims People’s Republic of China

Chiang Kai-shek vs. the Communist – 1930s (cont.)

• Why Mao successful?• Land, education, health care reforms• Mao’s army won support over peasantry; Chiang’s army is

abusive• Guerilla warfare = better chance for success• Peasants convinced programs would better their lives

The Communist Come to Power• Communist wanted power• Created party cadres and People’s Liberation Army

• Military officials• Superiority in east Asia• Secessionist movements in Mongolia and Tibet• North vs. South Korea• U.S.

• Threatened to invade Nationalist’s Taiwan• Liberation struggle of Vietnamese• Soviet Union and China broke down -1950• China defeated India - 1960

Economic Growth and Social Justice• Rural areas taken under communist rule• Communist controlled Japanese and Guomindang• Landlords disposed • 3 million people executed• Redistributed lands to peasants

• Industrialization• Focus on urbanization• Turned away from peasants

• Centralization• Increase in bureaucratic power• Change in strategy -1950

• Mass line

Women’s Rights• Mao Zedong and wife, Jiang Qing• Revolutionary Strategy

• Nationalist resistance• Madam Chiang Kai-shek

• May 4th Intellectuals• End footbinding• campaigns

• Women win equality• Education/career opportunities• Marriage• Some keep traditional attitude

Mao’s Last Campaign – Fall of the Gang of Four

• Mao tries to regain power• After Mao’s death – pragmatists take over• Achievements of communist regime• Challenge – continue growth/living conditions

Colonialism and Revolution in Vietnam

French Control of Vietnam• Interested since 17th century – failed to take Japan• Missionaries attract civil wars• French protection

• 18th century – French supported Nguyen Anh• Northern Trinh and Southern Nguyen toppled• New Nguyen Anh unites Vietnam• Confucian city in Beijing

• Eventually take Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia• Infighting• Take advantage of trade

Vietnamese Nationalism: Bourgeois Dead Ends and

Communist Survival • Nguyen family loses credibility• Unable to push out French• Confucianism pushed out

• New Middle class• French educated

• French stopped attempts at peaceful resistance• Vietnamese Nationalist Party • Communist party of Vietnam

War of Liberation Against the French

• Viet Minh in the north• End of Japanese rule• Peasant class appeal

• Vo Nguyen Giap• Guerilla tactics• Offset French and Japanese

• Advance into Red River Delta• Control Hanoi

• No control of South• France

• Viet Minh gains countryside; French keep towns• 1954: Capture Dien Bien Phu

• 1954 Geneva Conference

The War of Liberation Against the U.S.

• Geneva• Cooperation between Viet Minh and U.S.• Fame of Ho Chi Minh• Ngo Dinh Diem• Viet Cong threatened• U.S. support for Diem’s military• 1970 – U.S. negotiation with Vietnam• Communist unite Vietnam under single

government

After Victory• Fail to revolutionize• Isolation• Chinese border clashes

• Similarities and Differences to China• Weak and impoverished

• Collapse of Communist regimes• Vietnam struggles• Sweatshops• Social inequality• Public service/free education decline