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Chapter 33Animal Tissues & Organ SystemsTissuesRemember our levels of organization/complexity!AtomMoleculeCellTissueOrganOrgan System

CytologyStudy of cells

HistologyStudy of tissuesTissuesTissueA group of similar cells united to perform a specific function.Groups of cells having a similar structure and functionGerm LayersEctodermepidermis, nervous systemEndodermlinings of digestive & respiratory tracts, & associated organsMesodermSkeletal, muscular, circulatory systems

Tissue TypesEpithelialConnectiveMuscleNervous

Epithelial TissuesLine body cavitiesLine body tubesForm body coveringsForm many glandsEpithelial TissuesCharacteristicsClosely packedTightly connectedPolarityApical surfaceBasal SurfaceAvascularInnervatedHigh regeneration

Epithelial TissuesClassificationLayersSimpleStratifiedPseudostratifiedShapeSquamousCuboidalColumnarTransitional

Epithelial TissuesSimple SquamousDiffusion & filtrationKidneys, air sacs, capillaries

Simple CuboidalSecrete & absorbKidneys, glands, ovaries

Epithelial TissuesSimple ColumnarAbsorption, secrete mucus & enzymesCilia on some for propulsionDigestive tract (non-ciliated), bronchi & uterus (ciliated)

Pseudostratified ColumnarSecretion, ciliated propulsionRespiratory tract, male reproductive

Epithelial TissuesStratified SquamousProtection from abrasionMouth, vagina, skin

Connective TissuesMost abundantMost diverseExtracellular matrixnonliving substance separating living cells

Connective TissuesLoose connective tissue (fibroblasts)Dense connective tissue (fibroblasts)Cartilage (chondrocytes)Bone (osteocytes)Blood (hematopoetic stem cells)Connective TissuesLoose AreolarConnect skin to tissuesSuperficial coverings of some organs

AdiposeEnergy storageCushioningInsulation

Connective TissuesDenseIrregularloosely packedDermisAround blood vesselsPart of intestines

Regulardensely packedTendonsLigaments

Connective TissuesCartilageHyalineEnds of boneRibs to sternum

ElasticExternal earEpiglottis

Connective TissuesBone30% collagen fibers70% mineral saltsSupport & protection

Connective TissuesBlood55% plasmaWater, proteins, other45% cellsErythrocytesred blood cellsOxygen transportLeukocyteswhite blood cellsFight infectionClean up debrisThrombocytesplatelets clotting

Muscle TissuesMovementHighly vascularizedActin & myosin microfilamentsMuscle TissuesSkeletal muscleMulti-nucleatedLong, parallel fibersStriationsVoluntary contractions

Muscle TissuesCardiac muscleOnly in the heartBranched fibersStriationsIntercalated discsInvoluntary

Muscle TissuesSmooth muscleSpindle-shaped fibersNo striationsInvoluntaryBlood vesselsWalls of hollow organsGastrointestinal tract

Nervous TissuesCentral nervous systemBrain & spinal cordPeripheral nervous systemFewest cell typesDetects, interprets, transmits, responds to stimuliCoordinates, regulates, integrates body activities

Nervous TissuesNeuronsDentritesAxons

Nervous TissuesNeuroglial cellsSupport & nourish

Tissues to OrgansSkinEpithelialStratified squamous, simple cuboidalConnectiveAdipose, areolar, dense irregular, bloodMuscleSmooth (arrector pili, blood vessels)Nervous

27Organ Systems

Organ Systems

Organ Systems

Organ Systems