1. In defending England's right to colonize Africa, Lord Frederick Lugard proposed, "I hold that our right is the necessity that is upon us to provide for our ever-growing population." Is there an economic justification for imperialism? Be sure to consider the question from the position of both the colonizing nation and the colony.

2. When Rudyard Kipling suggested that Americans "Take up the White Man's Burden" what did he mean? How does this phrase express the goals of imperialism? Did the Americans have to be encouraged to become imperialistic?

3. Examine the racist beliefs that played such a central role in European imperialism. How did racism justify imperialism and also inspire it?

Chapter 32: The Building of Global Empires

What is Imperialism?

The domination of European powers

(and US and Japan) over subject lands in the larger world by

various methods

“Men make their own history but theydo not make it as they please nor under conditions of their choosing.”

- Karl Marx“Whatever happens we have gotThe Maxim gun and they have not.”

- Hilaire Belloc

“We are the finest race in the world and the more of the world we inhabit, the better it is for the human race.”

- Cecil Rhodes 1877

HOW does

this happen?

Old Imperialism VSNew Imperialism?

Then: Americas (economic/politicaloften indirect)

Now: Africa, East Asia, South Asia, SE Asia (economic/political/ military/ COMPLETE/racist: often direct)Linked to the pure SURVIVAL of their states/societies/culture

What are the motivations for imperialism?

Think: SPICE

Political and Economic Motivations?

P = strategic positioning, nationalism, distraction from civil problems, seize territory, subdue potential enemies, personal legacy, confirm military strength

E = raw materials for industrialization,secure wealth (gold, diamonds), coloniesas markets, ease economic burden of growing population, secure trading ports

“Learning Civilized Ways is Hard Work”

Dr. David Livingstone

Social Motivations =The White Man’s Burden

S = spiritual campaigns to “civilize” subject lands, “White Man’s Burden” was the duty of European and American people to bring “order and enlightenment” to non-Christian natives

“Social Darwinism”: Herbert Spencer

encouraged emigration to subject lands

Social Motivations =The White Man’s Burden

• Became a protectorate of Great Britain from 1883 until 1956

• British domination of Egypt became the model for the "new imperialism“

• Turkish general Muhammad Ali had established Egypt into a strong and virtually independent state by 1849

• Egypt's inability to satisfy foreign investors led to control of its finances by France & Britain (GB bought Egypt's debt in 1875)

• Safeguarding the Suez Canal (completed in 1869) played a key role in the British occupation of Egypt and its bloody conquest of the Sudan.

• (Battle of Omdurman 1898: 11,000 Sudanese dead, 368 British dead)

The British in Egypt

Queen VictoriaBenjamin Disraeli

Britain occupied Suez Canaloutright in 1882

Great Britain?

European nations (and later US) used

nationalism and industrialization to

motivate popular support at

home for imperialism

The Sun Never Sets….

Where does GB go and why?Effects?

“doctrine of lapse” andCompany Rule in India?

Concessionary Rule?

Indirect or Direct Rule?Problems or Benefits of each?

Mughal decline (1707) provided opportunity for

British expansion: created new economic systems that

fostered dependency on the British

After Sepoy Mutiny: DIRECT Rule by the British

Primarily ECONOMIC and POLITICAL: Left Cultural

Traditions intact (Hindu religion, did outlaw sati)

(DID not try to impose Christainity)

The British Empire in India

The Opium Wars, 1839-1842

Imperialism Examples……

The French and British gain control of the Suez Canal 1876British remained in Egypt until 1954Where else does FRANCE go and WHY? Effects?

Imperialism in Asia ca. 1914

Where does Japan go and why?

Effects?

We resent the

unequal treaties of the 1860s!

Sino-Japanese War 1894-1895

Kobayashi Kiyochika

Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905

The Great Game:Russia and Great BritainSeek Central Asian alliance in future war over India

Where does Russia go and why?

Effects?

The Americas:Where does the United States go to and WHY?Effects?

United States and the Caribbean

Monroe Doctrine 1803

Spanish American War 1898-1899“A Splendid Little War”

Why does America need to wait until the late 19th century to launch its imperialistic quest??

Roosevelt Corollary to theMonroe Doctrine 1904

Panama Canal 1903-1914

“Speak Softly and Carry a Big Stick… You Will Go Far”

United States and Hawaii: annexation ceremony 1898(statehood 1959)Sanford B. Dole

Queen Liliuokalani (r. 1891-1893)

USA?

The Scramble for Africa

King Leopold of Belgium(Congo Free State 1870s)

Cecil RhodesSouth Africa 1871

“The baskets of severed hands, set down at the feet of the European post commanders, became the symbol of the Congo Free State. ... The collection of hands became an end in itself. Force Publique soldiers brought them to the stations in place of rubber; they even went out to harvest them instead of rubber... They became a sort of currency.

They came to be used to make up for shortfalls in rubber quotas, to replace... the people who were demanded for the forced labor gangs; and the Force Publique soldiers were paid their bonuses on the basis of how many hands they collected.” - Belgian Commissioner

(Death toll estimates 3-15 million Africans)

African men were murdered, women were raped and murdered, if they did not fill their

quota of rubber and ivory

The Berlin Conference 1884-1885• Coordinated by German (von Bismarck), called for by Portugal• 14 European nations and the United States were involved: no

Africans were invited• Generally agreed to represent the formalization of the Scramble for

Africa• Organized in response to Stanley’s mapping of the Congo Basin and to

King Leopold’s assertion that the Congo region would be a trade free zone.

• The General Act of the Berlin Conference proclaimed:

1. The Free State of Congo was confirmed as private property of the Congo Society and

essentially the private property of King Leopold.(because of the terror regime established, it would eventually become a Belgian

colony 1908).

2. The 14 signatory powers would have free trade throughout the Congo Basin and the Niger and

Congo Rivers were made free for ship traffic.

3. An international prohibition of the slave trade was signed.

4. Any European country could establish colonies as long as they told everyone, and

occupied previously unoccupied territories.

The BoerWar 1899-1902

Great Britainabolishes slavery in 1833

The Great Trek

Diamonds 1867Gold 1886

White privileged society Vs. black Africans

As late as 1925 one British official commentedon the process as it operated in central Nigeria:

“I shall of course go on walloping them until they surrender. It’s a rather piteous sightwatching a village being knocked to pieces andI wish there was some other way, but unfortunatelythere isn’t.”

Indigenous Races of the Earth, Josiah Clark Nott and G.R. Glidden

William Z. Ripley of the cephalic index of European populations. From his 1899 book, The Races of Europe.

Legacies of Imperialism?

Population migrationIncreased global tradeIncreased global conflictIncreased sense of difference from one culture to another

Increased racism among Europeans, Americans and JapaneseStimulated anti-colonialism and nationalism in subject lands

From the 20th C onward: much of global history has revolved around the new world order created by imperialism and colonialism

Case Study: India

Roy inspired reform societies(educated Hindu elite)

that emphasized self-government, or at least greater Indian

participation in government(followed ideals of Enlightenment)

• a Hindu Reformer• supported some British

colonial policies (end to sati)

Indian National Congress 1885(founded with British approval)

Openly sought Indian self-rule

Joined with All-India Muslim League 1909Independence granted in 1947 (GANDHI)

“Father of Modern India”