Chapter 32-36

Chapter 32-36 Theories on CommunismDomino Theory -1 country falls to communism, whole region becomes communist

Non-alignment - policy of neutralityExample: Indian didnt side w/ U.S. or U.S.S.R in Cold War

India after WWIIPartition of India (1947)India divided into Muslim & Hindu states (Pakistan & India)Very violentIndira Gandhi1st female leader of Independent India 1964

Communist ChinaMao ZedongCommunist Chinese leader 1949Maos programs of reformGreat Leap ForwardFailed economic planCultural RevolutionViolent campaign to rid China old ways and instill socialist customsTiananmen Square MassacrePro-democracy student protests put down violently 1989

Korean WarWar b/w Communist N. Korea and Democratic S. KoreaCease fire 1953Divided Korea 38th parallel

Vietnam War 1945 - 1975Ho Chi MinhCommunist N. Vietnam leaderViet MinhHo Chi Minhs guerilla fightersEnd of Vietnam WarSouth surrendered to NorthVietnam united into one, under communism

Cambodia during Vietnam WarHome of Ho Chi Minh TrailTaken o/ Khmer Rouge Communist political party led by Pol Pot Committed acts of genocide

Africa after WWIIPan-Africanism Nationalistic movement for cultural unity & freedom in Africa

South AfricaApartheidapartness Policy segregation in S. AfricaEnded 1994Nelson Mandela Led campaign against apartheidBecame first president of new S. Africa

Suez Canal Crisis1956 Egyptian President Adel Nasser nationalized Suez CanalConsequence GB, France, Israel attacked EgyptCrisis diverted by U.S. President Eisenhower

Tensions b/w Israel & PalestineIsrael founded 1948This upset Arab Palestinians & fighting ensuedAfter repeated losses, Palestinians lost hope in gov. ability to reclaim Palestinian land and started guerilla org. PLO (Palestinian Liberation Organization)

1971 Iranian RevolutionAyatollah Khomeini o/threw Reza Shah Pahlavi

Persian Gulf War 1990-1991AKA Operation Desert StormCause: Saddam Hussein, leader of Iraq, invaded KuwaitOutcome: U.S. and coalition forces removed Saddam from Kuwait, not from Iraq

OPECOrg. of Petroleum Exporting Countries

Cuban Missile CrisisStandoff b/w U.S. (JFK) and U.S.S.R. (Khrushchev) in Cuba (Castro)U.S.S.R placed missiles in Communist CubaReason to protect Cuba from U.S. invasionCuba fearful of invasion b/c U.S. tried to o/throw Castro in failed Bay of Pigs invasionCrisis avoided

NAFTANorth American Free Trade AgreementCanada, U.S. and Mexico

GermanyOstpolitik Eastern Policy (1969)W. Germanys attempt to improve relations with E. Europe

Fall of Communism1970s Brezhnev DoctrineUSSR intervene in any country moving away from communism1985 Mikhail GorbachevBegan series of reforms: Perestroika restructuringGlasnost opennessNew democratic reforms made it hard to keep USSR together1991 USSR fellBoris Yeltsin became president new Russian Federation

Modern World Population and Climate 2003, 6.3 billion peopleEffect increase pollutionEffects of pollution:Acid rain toxic rainGreenhouse effect warming of earths temp., increased desertification and water levelsThinning ozone layer

Advances in ScienceLaser intense beam travels in straight lineUsed in communications and medicineGenetics study heredityUnderstanding genetic code could lead to new cures or cloning

Advances in TravelAir planeSpace shuttleApollo 111st moon landing

Communication Devices