Chapter 3: Time Period 2 (1607-Chapter 3: Time Period 2 (1607-1754)1754)

Chapter 3: Time Period 2 (1607-Chapter 3: Time Period 2 (1607-1754)1754)

Compare & Contrast the development of the Northern, Chesapeake, & Southern Colonies

Northern Colonies Southern Colonies

Common language **

Common language **

Allegiance to England **

Allegiance to England **

Patterns of settlement ???

Patterns of settlement ???

Political systems

???

Political systems

???

Values ??? Values ???

Protestant Reformation & Puritanism• 1517- Martin Luther – “Thesis”• Bible alone is the source of God’s word• People are saved by faith in Christ alone (not

works)• John Calvin- (Calvinism): “Institutes of the

Christian Religion” (1536)• “Original Sin”: all people born sinful; weak &

corrupt.• Predestination- only the “elect” go to heaven

(God had predestined certain people to be saved from damnation).

• “The Elect”: those God “predestined” before time to go to heaven.

** just because you were considered “elect” did not mean you could live a wild, sinful, life.

Calvinism• “Conversion”: Calvinists constantly sought

signs of “conversion” in themselves & others.• “Conversion”—intense, personal experience

in which God revealed the elect’s heavenly destiny.

• The elect had to live “sanctified lives”- to reveal that they were members of the elect= “visible saints.”

• Protestant work ethic- famous working hard; sun up to sun down.

The Pilgrims Emerge• 1530-’s King Henry VIII broke ties with Catholic

Church= Church of England (Anglican Church) official church in England.

• All English subjects had to be members of the Church of England.

Puritans & Pilgrims* Religious reformers; disliked forced church

attendance with the “damned”• Puritans- people who wanted to purify Catholic

ritual out of the Church of England. • Pilgrims- Separatist Puritans who want to break

away (separate) from Church of England completely because of it’s Catholic traditions.

• King James I – pushed Separatists out of England ---to the Netherlands!

Pilgrims at Plymouth• 1608--Pilgrims left England & persecution to go

to Holland(Dutch)• Received a Charter from Va. Co (right to settle

Jamestown).• 1620- 102 people (half were separatists) arrived

off coast of New England & land at Plymouth. (landed in the wrong place)

• Became squatters• Mayflower Compact- not a constitution; an

agreement to abide by laws & government.

** Valuable precedent for written constitutions later.

• Town Meetings- adult male settlers met to discuss & vote (direct democracy)

The MayflowerThe Mayflower

The Mayflower Compact

November 11, 1620

The Mayflower Compact

November 11, 1620

New England Colonies, 1650

New England Colonies, 1650

Plymouth Colony: The First Thanksgiving, the Economy, and Leadership

• 1620-1621- 44 of 102 survived• No one left in the Spring “It is not with us as with

other men, whom small things can discourage” • 1621- good harvests= First Thanksgiving with

Wampanoag Chief Massasoit. Economy• Fur, fish, lumberLeadership• William Bradford- chosen 30 times as Governor;

well educated.• Feared influence of settlers in Massachusetts Bay

who might be non-Puritans• Plymouth Colony = population was 7,000 by 1691

& merged with Massachusetts Bay.

William BradfordWilliam Bradford

The Massachusetts Bay ColonyKing Charles I began to persecute remaining puritans in England.•1629- Non-Separatist Puritans received a charter from Massachusetts Bay Company (Boston-center of operations)•1630- set out with 11 ships, 1000 passengers (larger than any other English colonizers).•Part of the Great English Migration 1630-1642* Over 20,000 come over (surpassing) southern colonial immigration.

John Winthrop(1st Governor) believed they had a covenant with God to build a holy society“Model of Christian Charity”— or “City Upon a Hill” his speech to Puritans upon arrival on the Arabella.Beginning of American Exceptionalism???•Fur trading, fishing, ship building•Becomes most influential & largest of colonies.

Sources of Puritan Migration

Sources of Puritan Migration

1630-1642*The Great EnglishMigration

•70,000 left England (1630-1642)• West Indies (48,000) • NorthAmerica (20,000)

John WinthropJohn Winthrop

We shall be as a city on a hill..

We shall be as a city on a hill..

Building the Bay ColonyA common or shared sense of purpose shaped these NE colonies.

Self-Rule or Government•Right to vote given to all “freemen” (adult male members of Congregational Church-Puritan Church).•Freemen elected Governor, assistants, and the General Court (representative assembly) •Only “visible saints” were “freemen”=gov’t meant to enforce God’s Laws (enforced on all).•2/5 of adult men could vote-more democratic than in England but, not a complete democracy!!!•Town Government- all men property holders & others could discuss issues & vote.

* Winthrop distrusted democracy

The Church in the Bay Colony Whole purpose of Government in Bay Colony was to enforce God’s Laws.•Church leaders controlled church membership=interpreted the “conversion experience”• Rev. John Cotton- defender of government’s right to enforce religious rules.

Limits on Clergy•Congregation hired & fired preachers•Members set salary for ministers•Clergy could not hold political office***Limited view of Separation of church/state.** shared “Protestant Work Ethic” one key to our national identity.

“Rogues Island” EstablishedThose who opposed of differed in the “shared belief” of the

“Bible Commonwealth” were ostracized or banished.

Salem minster- Roger Williams• extreme Separatist- encouraged clergy to break completely

with Anglican Church• He criticized the Bay Colony charter which took land from

Indians without paying fairly.

**He denied the right of the government to pass rules regarding religious behavior

1635- put on trial--& banished to England

Indians helped him escape.

1636- Williams established Providence Colony (R.I.)• set up The FIRST Baptist Church in the colonies.• Total freedom of religion to all (even for Jews & Catholics).• no compulsory church attendance, no oaths about religious

beliefs, no tax supported church

Rhode Island

• Those who opposed of differed in the “shared belief” of the “Bible Commonwealth” were ostracized or banished.

Anne Hutchinson• Outspoken woman• Held Bible study in her home (women & men

attended• Interpreted Biblical teachings- antinomianism (the

predestined need not follow man nor God’s law)• Criticized church & state connection • 1638- put on trial & banished – went to Rhode

Island.

Rhode Island• 1636- started with no legal charter

(squatters)• 1644- obtains charter from Parliament • Simple manhood suffrage-at start (later

only for property owners)• Unwelcomed or unwanted people from

other colonies (Bay Colony) wound up in R.I.

Puritan “Rebels”Puritan “Rebels”

Roger WilliamsRoger

WilliamsAnne HutchinsonAnne Hutchinson

Connecticut

• 1635-Hartford, Connecticut founded; Rev. Thomas Hooker

• 1638- New Haven est.- Puritans who wanted closer tie between church & state.

* “Blue Laws”- laws that regulated morality in public (forbade kissing in public…”)

1639- The Fundamental Orders – First modern constitution; “substantial citizens” democratically controlled

• 1623- Maine (part of Mass. Until 1820) 1641- New Hampshire absorbed into Mass. (Fishing economy)

• 1662- New Haven forced to merge with more democratic settlements in Conn

• 1679- NH =royal colony

Colonizing New England

Colonizing New England

Population of the New England Colonies

Population of the New England Colonies

Puritans & Indians• 1620- Disease killed ¾ of coastal tribes• Wampanoag Indians befriended settlers (Squanto: knew

English; helped Plymouth Pilgrims)• 1621-Chief Massasoit signed a peace treaty with Plymouth

Pilgrims= 1st Thanksgiving• The Pequot War (1637)- English & Indian allies attacked

Pequot villages= 40 years of uneasy peace followed (Pequot almost all wiped out)

Mystic River Massacre (1637)- English, Mohegan, and Narragansett allies set fire to fortified Pequot town (400-700 dead men, women, children)

• Puritan praying towns= small attempt to convert Indians & teach white ways to the Indians.

King Phillip’s War (1675-1676) (Metacom son of Massasoit)Metacom led an alliance of tribes & attacked English in New

England.• 1676- Metacom was beheaded, drawn, & quartered & his wife

& kids sold as slaves.* Metacom’s head placed on display for years in Plymouth

The Pequot Wars: 1636-1637

The Pequot Wars: 1636-1637

A Pequot VillageDestroyed, 1637A Pequot VillageDestroyed, 1637

*The New England Confederation• 1st Colonial Experiment in Unity (during Cromwell’s

reign in England)• 1640’s England was embroiled in civil wars

(*Salutary Neglect) • Primary Purpose: common defense against

Indians, Dutch (NY), & French. Also help with issues like runaway servants & debtors moving.

• 1643- 4 colonies (Mass. Bay, Plymouth, New Haven & Conn. Valley settlements) banded together for defense (each member had two votes)

• Almost all Puritan• Colonies semiautonomous• Mass. Was most defiant- “royal orders had no more

effect than old issues of the London Gazette” • 1662- King Charles II- gave sea-to-sea charter to

Connecticut & charter to RI (took them out of Mass.)• 1684- the King Revoked Mass. charter

Land Division inSudbury, MA: 1639-1656

Land Division inSudbury, MA: 1639-1656

Was it reasonable for England to pass laws

such as these to control Colonial

trade?

It was difficult for Great Britain to

enforce these laws because of the

distance.

Colonists broke the law and smuggled and

traded with other countries.

The Navigation Acts 1650

No country could trade with the No country could trade with the colonies unless the goods were colonies unless the goods were

shipped in either colonial or shipped in either colonial or English ships.English ships.

All vessels had to be operated by crews that were at least three-quarters English or colonial

The colonies could export certain products only to England

Almost all goods traded between the colonies and Europe first had to pass through an English port.

* Dominion of New England

• 1686- by royal authority (imposed upon the people)• Included all of New England- later NY,NJ• Meant to bolster colonial defense & enforce Navigation

laws • Colonists began to increase smuggling• Sir Edmund Andros- named head of the dominion

(military guy)-BostonTensions build• Andros affiliated with Church of England• Andros had disruptive soldiers• Curbed town meetings, freedom of press, & schools,

revoked land titles, ended assemblies, taxed without citizen consent

• 1688-1689- Andros fled Boston (Glorious Revolution in England)

• 1691 –Mass made a royal colony (vote given to all male property owners- not just church members)

• Period of “Salutary neglect”- followed= weak enforcement of Navigation Laws & trade

The Middle Colonies• Middle region of the 13 Colonies• New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and

Delaware.• Much of the area was part of New Netherlands

(Dutch) until 1664 when the English took much of the area.

Geography • Rich soil—became major exporter of grains &

wheat.• Lumber & shipbuilding due to abundant forests

Culture

ethnically & religiously diverse= great degree of religious freedom

The Origins of the Middle Colonies1. New Netherland • Late 17th century (Netherlands) became

independent from Spain (helped by England)• Emerged as a commercial & naval power to

challenge England• Most advanced capitalists in the world (Amsterdam

Stock Exchange)Dutch East India Co.- had an army of 10,000 men &

fleet of 190 ships. • Hired Henry Hudson to explore area.• 1609 Hudson sailed into Delaware & New York Bay

(sought route to Pacific)Dutch West India Co.- operated in the Caribbean; more

interested in trading than raiding (raided Spanish ships)

• Est. outposts in Africa & sugar industry in Brazil

New Netherlands• 1623-1624- New Netherlands founded for profit…

not to conquer. • Est. by Dutch West India Co. for its fur trade• Bought Manhattan for trinkets ( Wampum-shell

beads) (pennies per acre)• Manhattan—used as a support to Dutch

Caribbean colonies & to attack Spanish trade.• Did not want to repeat Spanish atrocities with

Indians (purchased land)• New Amsterdam (later called NY)• Investors had no interest in: religion, free speech

or democracy = TRADE was main motive• New Amsterdam built mostly with African slave

labor (1650—500 slaves in the colony-largest in North America)

Dutch Slavery in New Amsterdam

Less comprehensively exploitive than later American slave systems.•Several slaves sued for back wages.•Company-owned slaves who fought against Munsee Indians won a type of “half-freedom” that allowed them to work their own land in exchange for paying a tax to the masters---their children would remain slaves though.

** The profit motive eventually drowned out any complaints about slavery among the Dutch.

New AmsterdamNew AmsterdamNew AmsterdamNew Amsterdam

New York Harbor, 1639New York Harbor, 1639New York Harbor, 1639New York Harbor, 1639

Life in New Netherland• Aristocratic & autocratic (settlers have little power)

by nature with vast feudal estates (patroonships- given to land owners who paid passage of tenants who would work the land)

• Critics of Dutch Reformed Church=were persecuted (Quakers were abused)

• Run by Directors-General for the company • Local citizens created a limited law making body

• Cosmopolitan population; a French Jesuit noted 18 different languages.

Problems:• Director-Generals incompetent

• Shareholders demanded profit at colony’s expense

• Horrible massacres by Native Americans (Wall Street)

• New England (English) hostile to New Netherland (New England Confederation considered attacking them)

Settling the Middle Settling the Middle [[““RestorationRestoration””] Colonies] Colonies

Settling the Middle Settling the Middle [[““RestorationRestoration””] Colonies] Colonies

Friction between England & Swedish Neighbors

• 1638-1655 Sweden trespassed on Dutch land & set up New Sweden (place names & log cabins)

• 1655- Dutch sent military led by Peter Stuyvesant.

• New Sweden fell to the Dutch & became part of New Netherland

Peter StuyvesantPeter StuyvesantPeter StuyvesantPeter Stuyvesant

New Netherlands becomes New York

• 1664 King Charles II granted the area to the Duke of York & sent English ships

• Peter Stuyvesant & the Dutch surrendered• New Amsterdam renamed NYAristocratic Spirit Remains• Corrupt English governors gave land to

their favorites• Held power over colonial NY• * stunted immigration to NY• Legacy of the Dutch-place names Easter

eggs, Santa Clause, skating

PennsylvaniaQuakers (Religious Society of Friends) formed in

England in mid-1600’s• Quaked with religious emotion• Offensive to civil & religious rule (refused to

support Church of England with taxes & no paid clergy)

• Pacifist’s- disliked violence; used passive resistance instead); opposed slavery

• Persecuted in England

• William Penn (converted to Quaker faith in 1660) • 1681- Penn acquired a royal grant of land

(Charles II)• Called Penn’s Woods (Pennsylvania)• Proprietary Charter stays in the Penn Family until

the American Revolution.

William PennWilliam PennWilliam PennWilliam Penn

The The ““Holy ExperimentHoly Experiment””The The ““Holy ExperimentHoly Experiment””

Royal Land Grant to PennRoyal Land Grant to PennRoyal Land Grant to PennRoyal Land Grant to Penn

Pennsylvania & It’s Neighbors• Philadelphia (brotherly love) more carefully

planned than other colonial cities (wide streets)

Penn & the Indians• Lenape & Susquehanna (two major tribes)• Penn bought land from them at fair price• Indians & whites could serve on juries• Penn traded guns, pipes, tobacco, glasses,

needles, blankets for 4 parcels from Chief Tammany=Pennsylvania.

• Tensions increased as more non-Quaker Europeans moved to Pennsylvania.

• 1737- one of Penn’s ancestors initiated the “Walking Purchase” & essentially stole 1.2 million acres from the Lenape.

Penn & Native AmericansPenn & Native AmericansPenn & Native AmericansPenn & Native Americans

PennPenn’’s Treaty with thes Treaty with theNative AmericansNative Americans

PennPenn’’s Treaty with thes Treaty with theNative AmericansNative Americans

Rights in Pennsylvania• Representative assembly chosen by landowners• No tax supported church• Freedom of worship guaranteed to all• Jews & Catholics denied right to vote or hold

office• Death penalty only used for treason & murder• No limits on immigration or citizenship• 1st two years Philadelphia had 300 houses &

2,500 people• 1700- 3rd most wealthy & populated colony

(change over time)

Urban Population GrowthUrban Population Growth1650 - 17751650 - 1775

Urban Population GrowthUrban Population Growth1650 - 17751650 - 1775

New Jersey• 1664- Two noble proprietors received the area

from the Duke of York• Populated by many New Englanders• 1674-West New Jersey- sold to Quakers• East New Jersey obtained also by Quakers• 1702- English king combined two New Jersey’s

into a royal colony

Delaware • Named after Lord De La Warr• 1703- gained its own assembly• Under authority of Governor of Penn. Until after

the American Revolution

Benjamin Franklin• Born in Boston; went to Philadelphia at 17 (1720)

The English• 1600’s England had a population boom• 75% of English immigrants were indentured

servants• 40% of indentured died before their service was

over• Late 17th century- southern colonies turned more

to black slavery than indentured servitude (see Bacon’s Rebellion)

• 1629-1642- 11,000 Puritans moved to Mass. Bay• Puritans migrated in family groups