Chapter 3 The Human Body a Nutrition perspective.

Chapter 3Chapter 3

The Human BodyThe Human Bodya Nutrition a Nutrition perspectiveperspective

OUTLINEOUTLINE

Exchange of Nutrients – using the Body’s Systems

How is the Body Organized

The Digestive System/ Nutrient Absorption

Nutrition/digestion related Diseases and Ailments

Body OrganizationBody Organization

Cells form Tissues Cells form Tissues Tissues form OrgansTissues form Organs Organs form Systems (e.g., Organs form Systems (e.g.,

digestive)digestive)

1.Start

Cell ProcessesCell Processes

Constant turnover of substancesConstant turnover of substances Require energy, adenosine triphosphate Require energy, adenosine triphosphate

(ATP)(ATP) Require nutrientsRequire nutrientsConfirming your knowledgeWhat is the structure of ATP?

Cell MembraneCell Membrane Double layers of lipid, Double layers of lipid,

carbohydrate, and proteincarbohydrate, and protein Controls passage of Controls passage of

substancessubstances Distinct identification Distinct identification

structuresstructures

(i.e. what can go in/out)(i.e. what can go in/out)

Likes Water (polar)

Fears Water (non polar)

OrganellesOrganelles

CytoplasmCytoplasm

Mitochondria Mitochondria —— Power plantPower plant– Major site for energy production: ATP Major site for energy production: ATP

(respiration)(respiration)

Endoplasmic reticulum Endoplasmic reticulum —— Communication Communication networknetwork– Rough endoplasmic reticulum - protein synthesisRough endoplasmic reticulum - protein synthesis– Smooth endoplasmic reticulum - fat synthesisSmooth endoplasmic reticulum - fat synthesis

OrganellesOrganelles

Golgi ComplexGolgi Complex– Packaging site for proteinPackaging site for protein

LysosomesLysosomes– Cell’s digestive systemCell’s digestive system

PeroxisomesPeroxisomes– Detoxify harmful chemicalsDetoxify harmful chemicals

Challenge QuestionChallenge Question

What Organelle is responsible for What Organelle is responsible for Major Major

Energy Production (i.e. ATP Energy Production (i.e. ATP Production)?Production)?Mitochondria

NucleusNucleus

Double membraneDouble membrane Genetic material DNA (your genes)Genetic material DNA (your genes) Directs protein synthesis and cell Directs protein synthesis and cell

divisiondivision Affected by hormones (birth control Affected by hormones (birth control

pills, steroids, etc.)pills, steroids, etc.)

What are the Four Types of What are the Four Types of Tissues?Tissues?

EpithelialEpithelial– Lines the outside surfaces and external Lines the outside surfaces and external

passagespassages ConnectiveConnective

– Holds structures togetherHolds structures together MuscleMuscle

– Contracts to cause movementContracts to cause movement NervousNervous

– Transports nerve impulsesTransports nerve impulses

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Exchange of NutrientsExchange of Nutrients

Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Cardiovascular and Lymphatic SystemsSystems

Heart and blood vesselsHeart and blood vessels Blood Blood Pulmonary circulationPulmonary circulation Systemic circuitSystemic circuit Lymphatic systemLymphatic system

Cardiovascular System & Blood Cardiovascular System & Blood CirculationCirculation

Capillary and Lymph VesselsCapillary and Lymph Vessels

Nervous SystemNervous System

Regulatory systemRegulatory system Central Nervous SystemCentral Nervous System

– Brain and the spinal cordBrain and the spinal cord Peripheral Nervous SystemPeripheral Nervous System

– Branches out to organsBranches out to organs Basic unit is NeuronBasic unit is Neuron

– Responds to electrical and chemical Responds to electrical and chemical signalssignals

TransmissionTransmission

cortisolMobilizes fat (lipolysis) & protein breakdown

dopamine

Sending SignalsSending Signals

Change in sodium (Na) and potassium (K) Change in sodium (Na) and potassium (K) concentrationconcentration

NeurotransmitterNeurotransmitter– Secretion of dopamine, epinephrine, and Secretion of dopamine, epinephrine, and

norepinephrine, cortisol norepinephrine, cortisol

Dependent on nutrient supply Dependent on nutrient supply – Potassium (K) levels usually low Potassium (K) levels usually low

signal transduction may be impairedsignal transduction may be impaired

Endocrine SystemEndocrine System(Endocrinology) (Endocrinology)

Secretes regulatory substances Secretes regulatory substances (hormones)(hormones)

Target cells with receptor proteinsTarget cells with receptor proteins Body’s messengerBody’s messenger InsulinInsulin Thyroid hormonesThyroid hormones

Click on Icon to see videoClick on Icon to see videoabout hormonesabout hormones

““Open with” Internet Explorer Open with” Internet Explorer or Firefox or your webprovider or Firefox or your webprovider etc.etc.

hormones_and_gastric_secretion.swf

Immune SystemImmune System

We are Under Constant Attack!

Your immune system is there to help you out (fight back)

Help your Immune System – Help you!

Live Longer ~ Feel Better

The SkinThe Skin Continuous barrierContinuous barrier

– Can show Effects of nutritional Can show Effects of nutritional deficiencies deficiencies

LysozymeLysozymeChallenge Question- What are some nutritional deficiencies manifested in skin?

Heme group Hemoglobin (Hb)

Dehydration – water, dry skin

Essential Fatty Acids (EFAs) e.g. linoleic, linolenic acid)

Babies mostly deficient,

scaly, dermatitis

Fe deficiency

(little color- anemia)

Poor O2 transport

subpar cell metabolism

Green Blood?Green Blood? Notable casesNotable cases On June 8, 2007, Canadian anesthesiologists Dr. On June 8, 2007, Canadian anesthesiologists Dr.

Stephan Schwarz, Dr. Giuseppe Del Vicario, and Dr. Stephan Schwarz, Dr. Giuseppe Del Vicario, and Dr. Alana Flexman presented an unusual case in Alana Flexman presented an unusual case in The The LancetLancet.[2] A 42-year-old male patient was brought .[2] A 42-year-old male patient was brought into Vancouver's St. Paul's Hospital after falling into Vancouver's St. Paul's Hospital after falling asleep in a sitting position. When doctors drew the asleep in a sitting position. When doctors drew the man's blood during surgery to relieve pressure from man's blood during surgery to relieve pressure from his legs, the blood was green. A sample of the blood his legs, the blood was green. A sample of the blood was immediately sent to a lab. In this case, was immediately sent to a lab. In this case, sulfhemoglobinaemia was possibly caused by the sulfhemoglobinaemia was possibly caused by the patient taking higher-than-prescribed doses of patient taking higher-than-prescribed doses of sumatriptansumatriptan

SumatriptanSumatriptan (trade names (trade names ImitrexImitrex, ,

The Intestinal CellsThe Intestinal Cells

Barrier to invading microbesBarrier to invading microbes ImmunoglobulinsImmunoglobulins Muscosal membrane Muscosal membrane Effects of nutritional deficiencyEffects of nutritional deficiency

White Blood CellsWhite Blood Cells

Attack microorganismsAttack microorganisms PhagocytesPhagocytes Cell-mediated immunityCell-mediated immunity

– AntibodiesAntibodies– Antibody-antigen responseAntibody-antigen response– Template (memory) madeTemplate (memory) made

Food allergyFood allergy

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The Digestive SystemThe Digestive System

Click on Icon to see videoClick on Icon to see videoabout digestionabout digestion


organs_of_digestion_final.swf

Physiology of the Stomach Physiology of the Stomach

Stomach AcidStomach Acid

Destroys activity of proteinDestroys activity of protein Activates digestive enzymesActivates digestive enzymes Partially digests dietary proteinPartially digests dietary protein Assists in calcium absorptionAssists in calcium absorption Makes dietary minerals soluble for Makes dietary minerals soluble for

absorptionabsorption

The Small IntestineThe Small Intestine

Nutrient AbsorptionNutrient Absorption 1. Passive absorption1. Passive absorption 2. Facilitated absorption2. Facilitated absorption 3. Active absorption3. Active absorption 4. Phagocytosis and pinocytosis4. Phagocytosis and pinocytosis

The Large IntestineThe Large Intestine

Indigestible food stuff Indigestible food stuff No villi or enzymes No villi or enzymes Mucus-producing cellsMucus-producing cells Absorption of water, some Absorption of water, some

minerals, vitaminsminerals, vitamins BacteriaBacteria EliminationElimination

Confirming your knowledge Confirming your knowledge --breakbreak

Where does digestion begin?Where does digestion begin?

Movement of food throughout the digestive Movement of food throughout the digestive system by smooth muscles is known as?system by smooth muscles is known as?

Which organ is the major cite of nutrient Which organ is the major cite of nutrient absorption?absorption?

Which organ absorbs mainly Water and Which organ absorbs mainly Water and salts ?salts ?

Mouth (salivary amylase)Mouth (salivary amylase)

peristalsisperistalsis

Small intestineSmall intestine

Large intestineLarge intestine

Accessory OrgansAccessory Organs PancreasPancreas GallbladderGallbladder LiverLiver

The LiverThe Liver

What does it make?What does it make?

--

The GallbladderThe GallbladderBile is stored in the Gallbladder until released to process fats etc.

-Bile Acids – Bile Acids –

What does Bile acids Do?What does Bile acids Do?

emulsify fats – fat digestionemulsify fats – fat digestion

LIVER - Removes toxins: medicines, Alcohol, etc.LIVER - Removes toxins: medicines, Alcohol, etc.

Cholic acid(a bile acid)

The PancreasThe Pancreas

Digestive enzymesDigestive enzymes HormonesHormones

– Glucagon and insulin (sugar Glucagon and insulin (sugar metabolism)metabolism)

– Maintains normal sugar levels . . .Maintains normal sugar levels . . . Pancreatic juicesPancreatic juices

– Bicarbonate (buffering system) Bicarbonate (buffering system) maintains acidity , basicity in blood, pH maintains acidity , basicity in blood, pH ~ 7.2~ 7.2

The Urinary SystemThe Urinary System

KidneysKidneys UreterUreter BladderBladder UrethraUrethra Waste productsWaste products Blood Blood

– acid-base balance acid-base balance (pH)(pH)

Click on Icon to see videoClick on Icon to see videoabout Kidney Filtrationabout Kidney Filtration


RenalProcess.swf

Challenge QuestionsChallenge Questions

What is this molecule and how is it related to What is this molecule and how is it related to dehydration?dehydration?

What common substance inhibits this molecules What common substance inhibits this molecules performance?performance?

Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)aka ~ Vassopressin

Ethanol

Inhibits pituitary secretion of ADH

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GeneticsGenetics NutrigenomicsNutrigenomics Nutritional Diseases with a genetic Nutritional Diseases with a genetic

linklink– Cardiovascular disease (Cholesterol)Cardiovascular disease (Cholesterol)– HypertensionHypertension– Obesity (leptin gherlin levels)Obesity (leptin gherlin levels)– DiabetesDiabetes– Cancer Cancer – OsteoporosisOsteoporosis

Common Problems with Common Problems with DigestionDigestion

UlcersUlcers HeartburnHeartburn ConstipationConstipation HemorrhoidsHemorrhoids Irritable Bowel SyndromeIrritable Bowel Syndrome DiarrheaDiarrhea GallstonesGallstones

UlcersUlcers Can occur in esophagus, stomach and small Can occur in esophagus, stomach and small

intestineintestine

What is the most common Cause of Ulcers?What is the most common Cause of Ulcers?

Yanaka et al., Dietary Sulforaphane-Rich Broccoli Sprouts Reduce Colonization and Attenuate Gastritis in Helicobacter pylori–Infected Mice and Humans. 2009, Cancer Prevention Research, 2, 353

–Heliobacter pyloriHeliobacter pylori (bacteria) (bacteria)

HeartburnHeartburn Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

ConstipationConstipation Difficult or infrequent evacuationDifficult or infrequent evacuation CausesCauses

– Ignoring normal urgesIgnoring normal urges– Muscle spasmsMuscle spasms– Certain medicationsCertain medications

TreatmentTreatment– Dietary fiberDietary fiber– FluidsFluids– Regular physical activityRegular physical activity

LaxativesLaxatives

Irritate the intestinal nerve Irritate the intestinal nerve Draw water into the intestineDraw water into the intestine Regular use is harmfulRegular use is harmful

THEME : GO Natural - eat more Fibrous FOods!

Hemorrhoids (piles)Hemorrhoids (piles)

Swollen veins of the rectum and anus Swollen veins of the rectum and anus Intense pressure and straining Intense pressure and straining Dietary recommendation:Dietary recommendation:

– Fiber and fluidFiber and fluid

Irritable Bowel SyndromeIrritable Bowel Syndrome SymptomsSymptoms

– Cramps, bloating, increased frequency, Cramps, bloating, increased frequency, diarrhea, constipationdiarrhea, constipation

CausesCauses– Altered intestinal peristalsisAltered intestinal peristalsis– Decreased pain thresholdDecreased pain threshold

Individualized treatmentIndividualized treatment– Elimination dietElimination diet– Moderate caffeineModerate caffeine– Low-fat, small, frequent mealsLow-fat, small, frequent meals– Stress reductionStress reduction

DiarrheaDiarrhea

Fluidity and frequencyFluidity and frequency CausesCauses

– Infections (anti-biotics) – Infections (anti-biotics) – Lactobacillus Lactobacillus rudiirudii

– Poorly absorbed substancesPoorly absorbed substances Treatment:Treatment:

– Plenty of fluidPlenty of fluid

GallstonesGallstones SymptomsSymptoms

– Upper right abdominal pain, gas, Upper right abdominal pain, gas,

bloating, nausea and vomitingbloating, nausea and vomiting

– Causes: Genetics, high fat/cholesterol dietCauses: Genetics, high fat/cholesterol diet

TreatmentTreatment– Removal of gallbladderRemoval of gallbladder– sonicationsonication

Whose at risk: people who have relatives with gallstones obese people

people with a high blood cholesterol level. women who take drugs containing estrogen, e.g. contraceptive pills

chronic intestinal inflammation (Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis).

Reminder –Reminder –

Diet Analysis (3 days) Due FridayDiet Analysis (3 days) Due Friday-assignment on Website-assignment on Website

- PBS Video (75 min) - Lecture 3: - PBS Video (75 min) - Lecture 3: Energy balance Weight ManagementEnergy balance Weight Management (Fit or Fat-Covert Bailey) (Fit or Fat-Covert Bailey)

Answer 3 Qs – see Answer 3 Qs – see website/emailwebsite/email

Attendance ~ reward (5 pts) . . . Attendance ~ reward (5 pts) . . . - Lets watch & Adjourn- Lets watch & Adjourn

Chapter 3 The Human Body a Nutrition perspective.

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Transcript of Chapter 3 The Human Body a Nutrition perspective.