CHAPTER 3

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Subsections/Subtopics

• Research Method/Design•Materials• Equipment/Apparatus and

Utensils• Procedure• Statistical Treatment

RESEARCH METHOD

EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

-It refers to the complete sequence of steps undertaken to answer the research problem.

-It is a problem-solving approach that the study is described in the future on WHAT WILL BE when a variables are carefully controlled or manipulated.

BASIC PRINCIPLES1. REPLICATION – repetition of the basic

experiment.2. RANDOMIZATION – assignment of the

experimental units to the treatment or vice versa by chance.

3. LOCAL CONTROL – balancing, grouping and blocking of the experimental units that are employed in the adopted design.

TYPES OF EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

1. SINGLE-GROUP DESIGN – single treatment with two or more levels.

EFFECT OF FISH MEAL AS SUPPLEMENTAL FEED UPON THE YIELD OF MUDCRAB CULTURED IN THE

FISHPOND

Fish Meal Treatment (T) Yield of Mudcrab (kg)Replications

T1 (5%)T2 (10%)T3 (15%)

1 2 3x x xx x xx x x

2. TWO-GROUP DESIGN – two comparable groups are employed as experimental and control groups or two comparable groups are both experimental groups.

GROWTH RATE OF CULTIVATING EUCHEUMA USING BROADCASTING AND LANTAY METHODS

Broadcasting Method(control Group)

Lantay Method(Experimental)

xxxxx

xxxxx

3. TWO-PAIR GROUP DESIGN - an elaboration of the two-group design wherein there are two control groups and two experimental groups.Ex. ACCEPTABILITY OF CANNED MILKFISH BONE MEAL IN SALMON AND FRENCH STYLES WITH AND WITHOUT SEA VEGETABLE.

PANELISTS

Canned Milkfish Bone Meal

Control Group(Without Sea Vegetable)

Experimental Group(With Sea Vegetable)

1 x x x x

2 x x x x

3 x x x x

4 x x x x

4. PARALLEL-GROUP DESIGN – two or more groups are used as the same time with only a single variable (control) manipulated or changed.

GROWTH RATE OF CULTIVATING EUCHEUMA USING BROADCASTING AND LANTAY METHODS

Broadcasting Method (kg)(control Group)

Lantay Method (kg)(Experimental)

xxxxx

xxxxx

5. COUNTERBALANCED OR LATIN SQUARE DESIGN – exchange of two or more treatments taken by the subjects during the experiment.

Ex. CULTURING OF GROUPER USING FOUR SUPPLEMENTAL FEEDS TO FOUR FISH CAGES

FC1 FC2 FC3 FC4

SF1

SF2

SF3

SF4

G1 G2 G3 G4

G2 G3 G4 G3

G3 G4 G1 G2

G4 G1 G2 G1

6. COMPLETE RAMDOMIZED DESIGN (CRD) – a group of test plants or animals is studied only once but subsequent treatment is applied to determine the cause of change.Ex. YIELD OF MUDCRAB USING BREAD MEAL AS SUPPLEMENTAL FEED

% Supplemental Feed per Compartment Sampling1 2 3

1 (3%)

2 (5%)

3 (7%)

4 (10%)

5 (15%)

x x x

x x x

x x x

x x x

x x x

7. RANDOMIZED COMPLETE BLOCK DESIGN (RCBD) – group of test plants and animals as subjects of the study which are studied only once but subsequent treatment is applied are replicated to determine the cause of change.Ex. CULTURING ABALONE IN FISH CAGES USING FISH MEAL, SHRIMP MEAL AND FISH SILAGE AS SUPPLEMENTAL FEEDS

Supplemental Feed Replications1 2 3

Fish Meal

Shrimp Meal

Fish Silage

x x x

x x x

x x x

8. CORRELATIONAL DESIGN – determine the relationship of the two dependent variables on how they are manipulated by the independent variables.Ex. Culturing Milkfish on the Fishpond Using Fish Silage as Supplemental Feed

Milkfish Weight (X)grams

Length (Y)cm

1234

xxxx

xxxx

EXAMPLE:

The materials include the ingredients and its formulations. The ingredients must be quantified.

MATERIALS

EXAMPLE:

States the equipment and utensils used in the preparation of the study.

EQUIPMENT AND UTENSILS

EXAMPLE:

PROCEDUREIt explains comprehensively the process in preparing the

product.

EXAMPLE:

STATISTICAL TREATMENT

Diagnose the most appropriate statistical tools used for experimental design to answer the specific questions and accept/reject the

hypotheses presented in chapter 1.

THANK YOU.

REFERENCE:Calmorin, Melchor & Laurentina. 2012;

Research Methods and Thesis Writing; 2nd Edition