Chapter 3 – Part II

Chesapeake Colonies

How was the Chesapeake region different from NE…

• Agriculturally?– Large scale cash crops (Ches.) vs. subsistence

(NE)– Tobacco, plantations

• In religion?– Primarily Anglican vs. Puritan

• Demographically?– NE more densely pop. – small clustered areas– NE larger pop. By 1700

Church and State in VA

• Religious order in VA:– Anglican church official religion– Tax money went to church– Lack of clergy = lack of regular services

• Political order in VA:– Bi-cameral legislature elected by landowners– House of Burgesses– Sheriffs/Justices of the Peace – unelected, based

on English system, acted as judges– Politics and religion controlled by wealthy planters

Church and State in Maryland• Religion in MD:– Founded as Catholic haven by Lord

Baltimore (Calvert)–Calvert stayed home, so did most Catholics–Protestant majority – bought most land,

thus exercised power thru wealth

Church and State in MD• Act for Religious Toleration – features:– Emerged after Catholics and Protestants bickered over

sharing chapels– Only Christian faiths legally protected– Did NOT separate church and state – state prosecuted crimes

against Christian values• Aftermath?– Tolerant gov. ousted– several Catholic leaders hanged– Catholics repressed until 1658 (Calvert takes control)

Social Structure in Chesapeake• How did indentured servitude affect society?–More males than females = unbalanced pop.– Slow pop. Growth (no kids!!!)– High death rates–Wealthy monopolized production

• Why was NE bigger?–More balanced pop. = more

reproduction, growth• How did women fare in Ind. Serv?– Advantage – many suitors– Could marry well, buy out terms

Indentured Servitude• How was life after servitude?–Poor – saved little $$$– Laws required little be given to freedmen –

money or land– Little land left to buy

• Why did Ind. Serv. fade out?–Rise in wages in England – few needed to

enter service

Agriculture in Chesapeake• Why was the region so suitable for tobacco?

– Fertile soil– Level ground– Near navigable water (reduces trans. costs)

• Absence of strong merchant class – why?– Wealthy planters built their own wharves – no middle man to control trade – planters controlled distribution

• Tobacco prices – what happens?– Prices drop after 1629 – still profitable, but not as wildly as before

Growth of Slavery in Chesapeake

• Advantages of slavery?– Slaves became cheaper after trade monopolies ended– After 1660, slavery legally defined as lifelong & inherited – more stable

labor force– High initial investment, but one-time fee– Social control method

• How did slavery reduce class conflict?– Whites bonded against Africans as pagans, outsiders

The Southern Colonies

Agriculture in the South

Agriculture & Society in the South• How did cash crops transform society in the South and Caribbean?

– Sugarcane and rice more labor intensive– MANY more slaves imported (whites often minority)– Planters monopolized land

• Why was slavery almost ideal for rice farmers?– Many slaves had cult. rice in Africa– Already had immunity to diseases common in swampy areas (malaria,

yellow fever, etc.)

The Middle Colonies

Pre-existing Colonies: New Netherland & New Sweden

• What was New Netherland society like?–Diverse – many nationalities, religions– Fur trade dominated economy

• Why were they important?–Became NY, and parts of NJ,

Penn., and Delaware– Enormous trading port (NY)–1st log cabins (New Sweden)

Oh Yeah!!!! Hutte!

New York• How did New Neth. become a British

colony?–Taken from Dutch (profitable, big port,

nutmeg)• What was NY’s social structure?–Wealthy landed elite –owned land along rivers– charged rents to farmers

Pennsylvania

• Founder?–William Penn

• Purpose?–Religious experiment –Quakers– Economic profit

Religion in Penn.• What were Quaker beliefs/practices?– Started by George Fox– “inner light” could inspire every soul– Direct relationship w/ God– No need for clergy– Challenged traditional church authority– Socially egalitarian

• Why were they disliked in England?– Did not defer to social “superiors”– Wore hats in court– Would not swear oaths– Would not serve in military– Appeared unpatriotic, rebellious, radical

Politics in Penn.

• Political Structure:– Strong executive (governor)– Legislative branch w/ limited powers– Quaker majority, controlled gov’t

• Social Structure– Few hostilities w/ Natives– Social order maintained– Grid system in Philadelphia

Why Was Penn. Initially Successful?

• Environment:– Fewer Natives in Delaware valley–Coexistence w/ Natives

• Geography– Fertile soil– Long growing season

• Demographics–Quaker couples = high birthrate

Quaker downfall

• Why did Quakers lose power in Penn.?– George Keith – wanted to formalize Quaker church– Est. clergy & rules– Viewed as undemocratic– Keith’s requests denied– Keith leaves Penn.–Many Quakers follow– Immigration slows–Quaker majority shrinks

Summary of Middle Colonies

• Socially– Proves that diversity

can work in America (religious and national)

• Politically–Most clear sep. of church & state– PA, NJ, Delaware = no fees to church

• Economically– Diverse – many trades– Lucrative fur trade mandates busy ports

Spanish & French claims in America• How were French & Spanish settlements

different from British?– Much more widely scattered– Less densely pop.– More successful in converting natives to

Christianity– Fewer land conflicts

New France

• Where?– Mostly in Canada and interior

North America• Economic activities:– Fur trade– Little farming – short growing season– Complex trade networks w/ Natives– Military alliances w/ Natives

• Why did growth slow?– Immigration slowed– Tales of disease,

harsh winters

Spanish Colonies• Florida, New Mexico, New Spain• Spanish relations w/ Natives:– Forced religion– Forced labor

• Causes of Pueblo revolt:– Spanish missionaries destroyed sacred Pueblo religious

sites– Tortured Indian leaders

• Effects of Pueblo revolt:– Spanish driven from NM 1680-92– End of encomienda system– End of forced religious conversion

Chapter 3 Summary

• Whose North American colonies were the most prosperous by 1700?– England

• Why?–More people–More agriculture– Bigger labor force– Close to Atlantic– Gov’t supervision