Unit 2 The Atom (in general), Atomic Weights, The Mole, Stoichiometry.
Chapter 3 Mass Relations: Stoichiometry. Atomic number # of p + in nucleus.
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Transcript of Chapter 3 Mass Relations: Stoichiometry. Atomic number # of p + in nucleus.
Avg. Atomic Mass (atomic weight)
• Weighted avg. of atomic masses of naturally occurring isotopes of an element
e.g. : naturally occurring Cu
• 69.17% Cu-63 (atomic mass 62.939)
• 30.83% Cu-65 (atomic mass 64.927)
• (0.6917)(62.939)+(0.3083)(64.927) = 63.546Found on periodic table
Mole (mol)
• Amt. of a substance that contains same # of particles as # of atoms in exactly 12 g of carbon-12
Avogadro’s number
• Number of particles in exactly one mole of a pure substance (6.02 x 1023)
• Named for Amedeo Avogadro [Lorenzo Romano Amedeo Carlo Avogadro, conte di Quaregna e di Cerreto (1776 - 1856) ]
Molar mass
• Mass in grams of one mole of a pure substance
• Used as a conversion factor, number is taken from the periodic table
• What is the mass (in g) of 2.5 mol of cobalt
Molar mass Co = 58.933g
2.5 mol Co x _________
2.5 mol Co x 58.933 g Co / 1 mol Co
= 147.3325 g Co
= 150 g Co
How many atoms are in 0.000820 g of platinum?
0.000820 g Pt x ________
0.000820 g Pt x I mol Pt/ 195.08 g Pt =0.000004203 mol Pt
0.000004203 mol Pt x 6.02 x 1023 atoms Pt / 1 mol Pt =2.530449047 x 1018 atoms2.53 x 1018 atoms
Percent composition (Mass of element / molar mass cmpd. X 100%)
• e.g. find % composition of Cu2S
• 2 mol Cu and 1 mol S• 2 mol Cu x 63.546g Cu / 1 mol Cu = 127.09 g
Cu• 1 mol S x 32.06g S / 1 mol S = 32.06 g S
molar mass Cu2S = 159.15 g
• 127.09g Cu/ 159.15 g Cu2S x 100% = 79.855% Cu
• 32.06g S/ 159.15g Cu2S x 100% = 20.14% S
Determining simplest formula (Formula showing smallest whole number
ratio of atoms)• e.g. find the simplest formula for a cmpd.
containing 26.56% K, 35.41% Cr, and 38.03% O
• If 100g of cmpd., then: K = 26.56 g, Cr = 35.41 g, O = 38.03 g
(cont.)
• 26.56g K x 1 mol K / 39.098g K = 0.6793 mol K• 35.41g Cr x 1 mol Cr / 51.996g Cr = 0.6810mol
Cr• 38.03g O x 1 mol O / 15.999g O = 2.377 mol O divide by smallest number 0.6793 mol K / 0.6793 = 1.000 mol K 0.6810 mol Cr / 0.6793 = 1.003 mol Cr 2.377 mol O / 0.6793 = 3.499 mol O• 1.000 :1.003 : 3.499 2 : 2 : 7
K2Cr2O7
Chemical equation
• Represents (w/ symbols and formulas) the reactions and products in a chemical reaction
• The same # of atoms of each element must appear on each side of the equation
• Use coefficients to balance equation
Formula equations
• CH4(g) + O2(g) CO2(g) + H2O(g) (unbalanced)
• CH4(g) + O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)
• CH4(g) + 2O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)
Writing equations
• e.g., Write a formula equation for the reaction between hydrogen gas and fluorine gas to produce hydrogen fluoride gas
• H2(g) + F2(g) HF(g)
• H2(g) + F2(g) 2HF(g)
Balancing equations
• Balance: Al + Fe2O3 Al2O3 + Fe
• 2Al + Fe2O3 Al2O3 + Fe
• 2Al + Fe2O3 Al2O3 + 2Fe
Balance:
• NH3(g) + O2(g) N2(g) + H2O(g)
• 2NH3(g) + O2(g) N2(g) + H2O(g)
• 2NH3(g) + O2(g) N2(g) + 3H2O(g)
• 2NH3(g) + 2O2(g) N2(g) + 4H2O(g)
wrong
• 4NH3(g) + 3O2(g) 2N2(g) + 6H2O(g)
Mole relationships
• H2(g) + Cl2(g) 2HCl(g)• 1 molecule of hydrogen reacts with 1
molecule of chlorine to yield 2 molecules of hydrogen chloride
or• 1 mol H2 reacts with 1 mol Cl2 to yield 2
mol HCl or
(cont.)
• 2g H2 (1 x molar mass) reacts with 71g Cl2 (1 x molar mass) to yield 73g HCl (2 x molar mass)
• I mol H2 : 1 mol Cl2 : 2 mol HCl
• 2g H2 : 71g Cl2 : 73g HCl
Types of chemical reactions
1. Synthesis, 2Mg(s) + O2(g) 2MgO(s)
2. Decomposition, 2H2O(l) 2H2(g) + O2(g)
3. Single replacement, Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) H2(g) + MgCl2
4. Double replacement, Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2KI(aq) PbI2(s) + 2 KNO3(aq)
Specific examples
• Decomposition of metal hydroxides, Ca(OH)2(s) CaO(s) + H2O(g)
• Decomposition of metal chlorates 2KClO3(s) 2 KCl(s) + 3O2(g)
• Replacement of hydrogen in water by a metal, 2K(s) + 2H2O(l) 2 KOH(aq) + H2(g)
Molar mass
• Mass in grams of one mole of a pure substance
• Used as a conversion factor, number is taken from the periodic table
• Stoichiometry is the calculation of quantitative (measurable) relationships of the reactants and products in chemical reactions
• Stoichiometric air-fuel ratios of common fuels
Fuel By weight Percent fuel
Gasoline 14.7 : 1 6.8%
Natural Gas 17.2 : 1 5.8%
Ethanol 9 : 1 11.1%
Diesel 14.6 : 1 6.8%
Stoichiometry(mass relationships)
• Start with a balanced equation mole ratio
• 2Al2O3 4Al + 3O2
• 2 mol Al2O3 : 4 mol Al : 3 mol O2
• e.g. 2 mol Al2O3/ 4 mol Al
Given 3.00 mol of water and an excess of carbon dioxide how many grams of glucose will be produced?
• 3.00 mol H2O x 1 mol C6H12O6/ 6 mol H2O
x 180 g C6H12O6/ 1 mol C6H12O6
= 90.0 g C6H12O6
Mass-mole• C + SO2 CS2 + CO
• If 8.00 g of SO2 reacts with an excess of carbon how many moles of CS2 are formed?
• 5C + 2SO2 CS2 + 4CO
• 8.00 g SO2 x 1 mol SO2/ 64.1 g SO2
x 1 mol CS2/ 2 mol SO2
= 0.0624 mol CS2
Mass -mass
• Sn(s) + 2HF(g) SnF2(s) + H2(g)
• How many g of SnF2 is produced from the reaction of 30.00g of HF with an excess of Sn?
Limiting reactant
• Reactant that limits the amt. of the other reactants that can combine, and the amt. of product formed
Limiting reactant• Silicon dioxide (quartz) reacts with
hydrogen fluoride according to the following reaction:
SiO2 (s) + 4HF(g) SiF4(g) + 2H2O(l)
(cont.)
• If 2.0 mol of HF is combined with 4.5 mol of SiO2, which is the limiting reactant?
2.0 mol HF x 1 mol SiO2/ 4 mol HF =
0.50 mol SiO2
• Therefore 2.0 mol HF requires 0.50 mol of SiO2 to completely react, 4.5 mol SiO2 is more than 0.50 mol, therefore HF is the limiting reactant
Percent yield
• Percent yield = actual yield/ theoretical yield x 100%
• C6H6 + Cl2 C6H5Cl + HCl
• If 36.8 g of C6H6 reacts with an excess of Cl2 the actual yield is 38.8 g of C6H5Cl. What is the percent yield?
(cont.)
• 36.8 g C6H6 x 1 mol C6H6/ 78.1 g C6H6
x 1 mol C6H5Cl/ 1 mol C6H6
x 113 g C6H5Cl/ 1 mol C6H5Cl
= 53.2 g C6H5Cl
(theoretical yield)
Calculation of Molecular Formulas
• The simplest (empirical) formula of a compound of phosphorus and oxygen was found to be P2O5. Experiment shows that the formula mass of this compound is 283.889g. What is the molecular formula of this compound?