Chapter 3 Lecture Migration The Cultural Landscape Eleventh Edition © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc....

Chapter 3 Lecture

Migration

The Cultural LandscapeEleventh Edition

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Matthew Cartlidge

University of Nebraska-Lincoln

Key Issues

• Where are migrants distributed?

• Where do people migrate within a country?

• Why do people migrate?

• Why do migrants face obstacles?


Key Issue #1: What You Need to Know

1.1: Describe the difference between international and internal migration.

1.2: Identify the principal sources of immigrants during the three main eras of U.S. migration.


Migration

• MobilityMobility is most generalized term that refers to all types of movements– Journeying each day to work or school

– Weekly visits to local shops

– Annual trips to visit relatives who live in a different state

• Short-term & repetitive acts of mobility are referred to as circulationcirculation. – Ex. College students moving to college

each fall and returning home each spring


MigrationMigration

• A permanent move to a new location constitutes migrationmigration.– EmigrationEmigration is migration from a location.– ImmigrationImmigration is migration toto a location.

• Place “A” can have individuals migrating away from & to it.

– Emigrant: Place A → Place B– Immigrant: Place B → Place A

• Difference btwn the # of immigrants & # emigrants is a place’s net migration. net migration.

population-change-from-aging-death-and-migrationpopulation-change-from-aging-death-and-migration


Distance of Migration

• Ravenstein’s laws Ravenstein’s laws for the distance that migrants typically move– Most migrants relocate a short distance

& remain within the same country.

– Long-distance migrants to other countries head for major centers of economic activity.


Distance of Migration

• Migration can be divided into two categories.1.1. International International Migration-

permanent move from one country to another

• Voluntary• Forced

2.2. InternalInternal Migration- permanent move within the same country

• InterregionalInterregional• Intraregional Intraregional


International Migration Patterns

• Approximately 9 % of the world’s people are international migrants.

• ********Global pattern pattern reflects migration tendencies from developing countries to developed countries. *********– Net Net OutOut-Migration-Migration

• Asia, Latin America, & Africa

– Net Net InIn-Migration-Migration• North America, Europe, & Oceania



FIGURE 3.4 INTERNATIONAL & INTERNAL MIGRATION

Mexico has international migration into the country from Central America & out of the country to the U.S. Mexico also has internal migration, especially interregional migration to states near the U.S. border & intraregional migration into Mexico City.


FIGURE 3-6 GLOBAL MIGRATION PATTERNS

The width of the arrows shows the amount of net migration btwn regions of the world.

Countries with net in-migration are in red, & those with net out-migration are in blue.

U.S. Immigration Patterns

• U.S. has more foreign-born residents than any other country: approximately 43 million as of 2010—growing by 1 million yearly.

• Three main eras of immigration in the U.S.– Colonial settlement in 17th & 18th c. migration-from-rural-to-urban-settings-in-europe-

and-the-us-history-and-effects.

– Mass European immigration in the late 19th & early 20th c. immigration-in-industrial-america-and-the-rise-of-nativism

– Asian & Latin American integration in the late 20th & early 21st c.



Europeans comprised more than 90 % of immigrants to the U.S. during the 19th c. Since the 1980s, Latin American & Asia have been the dominant sources of immigrants.

FIGURE 3-7 IMMIGRATION TO THE UNITED STATES


FIGURE 3-8 DESTINATION OF IMMIGRANTS BY U.S. STATE

California, New York, Florida, and Texas are the leadingdestinations forimmigrants.

WHY? What’s the PATTERN?


2.1: Describe the history of interregional migration in the United States.

2.2: Describe interregional migration in Russia and Canada.

2.3: Describe interregional migration in Canada, China, and Brazil.

2.4: Explain differences among the three forms of intraregional migration.


KEY ISSUE #2: Where Do People Migrate within a Country?

InterInterregional Migrationregional Migration– Perceived economic betterment typically

drives individuals to make interregional migrations.

• Historically- enticement of abundant available land on the American Frontier.

• Presently- most jobs, especially in services, are clustered in urban areas.

– Westward expansion Westward expansion contributed to a shift in the center of population. (Pattern Change)

• “Center of population gravity”© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.


FIGURE 3-9 CHANGING CENTER OF U.S. POPULATION

The population center population center is the average location of everyone in the country, the “center of population gravity.”

If the U.S. were a flat plane placed on top of a pin, & each individual weighed the same, the population center would be the point where the population distribution causes the flat plane to balance on the head of a pin. academy/lesson/economic-expansion-in-the-1800s-

slavery-immigration-corporations


FIGURE 3-10 RECENT INTERREGIONAL MIGRATION IN THE U.S.

Figures show average annual migration (in 1000s) in 1995 (top) & 2010 (bottom).

3-14: Trail of Tears Inter Regional Migrationwhat-was-the-trail-of-tears-facts-history-routeForced Migration:

EXAMPLES :Inter Regional Migration: Moving Native Americans to other parts of the country known as the “trail of tears”

International Migration: Moving millions of Africans to the Americas known as the “middle passage” of the Triangle Trade

Migration btwn Regions in Large Countries

• World’s five largest five largest countries in land area are Russia, Canada, China, the U.S., & Brazil.– Russia: Interregional migration was

encouraged eastward & northward by the government’s decision to locate new factories & to offer economic incentives away from existing population concentrations.



FIGURE 3-11 POPULATION DISTRIBUTION: RUSSIA

Russia’s population is clustered in the west of the country, nearest to Europe.

Migration btwn Regions in Large Countries

– Canada: Canada: Shares a similar east to west interregional migration pattern with the U.S. Three westernmost provinces are destinations for interregional migrants.

– China: China: Nearly 100 million people have emigrated from rural interior to large urban areas along east coast where manufacturing is prevalent. “c”

– Brazil: Brazil: Government moved its capital from Rio De Janeiro to Brasília (600 miles from Atlantic Coast) to encourage migration of Atlantic coast residents to move to the interior. 3-18



FIGURE 3-17 INTERREGIONAL MIGRATION: CHINA

Migrants are heading eastward towards the major cities.

Intraregional Migration

• Since Industrial Revolution began in Europe in 19th c., a global trend for individuals to migrate from rural to urban areas– % of urbanized population urbanized population in U.S.

• 1800: 5 %• 1920: 50 %• 2010: 80 %

– Motivation:Motivation: economic advancement



• Most intraintraregional migration regional migration in developed countries is from cities out to surrounding suburbs.– Motivation: Motivation: not economic advancement

but a desired lifestylelifestyle• Additional privacy associated with single-family

detached houses• Garages & driveways offer parking at no

additional fee• Often better schools



FIGURE 3-22 INTRAREGIONAL MIGRATION: UNITED STATES

Migration btwn cities, suburbs, & nonmetropolitan areas in 2010.


• Developed countries experienced a new migration trend during the late 20th c. when rural areas were characterized by net in-migration.– Net migration from urban to rural areas is

called counterurbanization.counterurbanization.

• CounterurbanizationCounterurbanization most prevalent in places rich with natural amenities– Rocky Mountain States (Colorado, Idaho,

Utah, & Wyoming)



FIGURE 3-24 % OF AMERICANS MOVING IN A YEAR

The % has dropped from 20% in the 1980s -12% in the 2010s.


3.1: Provide examples of political, environmental, and economic push & pull factors.

3.2: Summarize the flows of migrant workers in Europe & Asia.

.


Why Do People Migrate?

• People decide to migrate b/c of a combo of two factors.– Push Push factors factors induce people to move out

of their present location.– PullPull factors factors induce people to move into a

new location.

• Three major types of push push && pull pull factorsfactors1. Political

2. Environmental

3. Economic lesson/reoccurring-themes-in-history-societal-migration-evolution-aggression-industrialization 3:15-6:54


Reasons for Migrating• Political factors can be especially

compelling push factors, forcing people to migrate from a country.– UN’S High Commissions for Refugees

recognizes 3 groups of forced political migrants.

1. A refugeerefugee has been forced to migrate to avoid a potential threat to his or her life, & he or she cannot return for fear of persecution.

2. An internally displaced person (IDP) is similar to a refugee, but he or she has not migrated across an international border.

3. An asylum seeker is someone who has migrated to another country in hope of being recognized as a refugee.



FIGURE 3-25 POLITICAL FACTORS: REFUGEES & IDPS

Largest #’s of refugees originated in SW Asia & sub-Saharan Africa.

Reasons for MigratingReasons for Migrating

• Environmental factors can prompt migration from hazardous environments or pull migrants to attractive regions.– Environmental Pull Factors

• Mountains• Seasides• Warm Climates

– Environmental Push Factors• Water: most common environmental threat

– Flood– Drought



• Most people migrate for economic economic reasonsreasons.– Push factor: migrate away from places with

few jobs

– Pull factor: Pull factor: migrate to places where jobs seem to be available

• U.S. & Canada have been prominent destinations for economic migrants.– Historically individuals migrated from Europe.

– More recently immigrants primarily from Latin America & Asia.




With few job prospects (economic push factor), Ireland historically had net out–migration until the 1990s . The severe recession (economic economic pushpush) the early 21st has brought net out–migration back to Ireland.

European MigrationEuropean Migration


Migrant workers in Europe have historically sought jobs. Historically, “guest workers” programs existed in many countries periodically to accommodate immigrants seeking jobs & the demand for cheap labor. These programs no longer exist, However, many of the previous workers stayed permanently & had children, changing the demographics of the areas.


Why Do Migrants Face Obstacles?Why Do Migrants Face Obstacles?

4.1: Identify the types of immigrants who are given preference to enter the U.S.

4.2: Describe the population characteristics of unauthorized immigrants to the U.S.

4.3 Describe characteristics of immigrants to the U.S.

4.4: Compare American & European attitudes toward immigrants.


Why Do Migrants Face Obstacles?Why Do Migrants Face Obstacles?

• InterveningIntervening obstaclesobstacles, which hinder migration, can be categorized into two types.

1. Environmental Feature- i.e., mountain, ocean, or distance

2. Political Feature- i.e., countries require proper documentation to leave one country & gain entry in another


Controlling MigrationControlling Migration

Countries have adopted selective immigration policies.• Preference shown for specific employment

placement & family reunification

• U.S. Quota Laws– Passing of the Quota Act in 1921 & the

National Origins Act in 1924 by the U.S. Congress marked the end of unrestricted immigration to the U.S.


Controlling MigrationControlling MigrationMore seek admission to the U.S. than is

permitted by the quotas, thus preferences are shown toward:

• Family Reunification– About ¾ of immigrants

• Skilled Workers– Approximately ¼ of immigrants

– Sending countries alleged preference for skilled workers contributes to brain drain- a term for the disproportionate amount of highly skilled & intelligent citizens migrating away away from from sending countries.

• Diversity– A few immigrants admitted, because their

sending country historically has sent very few migrants

Unauthorized ImmigrationUnauthorized ImmigrationUnauthorized immigrants Unauthorized immigrants = those who enter a

country without proper documents.

• CharacteristicsCharacteristics of unauthorized immigrates in the U.S. – Source Country - Roughly 58 % emigrate from

Mexico, Asian Countries are now the most common source.

– Children - Of the 11.2 million nearly 1 million are children.

• Unauthorized immigrants have given birth to 4.5 million children in the U.S. making the children U.S. citizens.

– Yrs in the U.S. - Duration of residency has increased

– In 2010, 35 % of adults had been in U.S. for at least 15 years.

– Labor Force - Approx. 8 million are employed in the U.S.

– Distribution - TX & CA have largest #© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.


FIGURE 3-34: # OF UNAUTHORIZED IMMIGRANTS TO THE US

Most unauthorized immigrants in the U.S. are from Mexico.

Unauthorized Immigration: Mexico’s Border with the U.S.

– View from the U.S. recognizes motives that motivate unauthorized immigrants to enter illegally

• Employment Opportunities• Family Reunification• Better Way of Life

– View from Mexico is more complex• Residents of northern Mexico wish for

compassion to be shown to unauthorized immigrants.

• Residents of southern Mexico are less tolerant because of number of unauthorized immigrants entering Mexico from Guatemala.



FIGURE 3-37 U.S.-MEXICO BORDER: PEDESTRIAN CROSSING Pedestrians cross from Nueva Progreso, Mexico (foreground), to Progreso, Texas.

Attitudes toward ImmigrantsAttitudes toward Immigrants

Characteristics of MIGRANTSCharacteristics of MIGRANTS

Distinctive gender & family-status patterns– Ravenstein noted: Most long –distance migrants

• Are male.• Are adult individuals vs families with kids• are young adults seeking work vs children / elderly people.

Gender -Males were dominate grp thru the 19th&20th c. until 1990.

- 1990s & on pattern reversed & women = 55% of US immigrants (reflects changing role of women)

Age & Education - young adults seeking work vs children & elderly. Was & continues to be the pattern. 40% are “producers”.

- typically less education than ave. American & a bit more than is ave. of origin country


Attitudes toward ImmigrantsAttitudes toward Immigrants Immigration Concerns in the U.S.

– Most views of immigration by U.S. citizens are ambivalent in nature.

• Border Patrol– They would like more effective border control,

but they don’t want to spend more money to solve the issue.

• Workplace– Most recognize that unauthorized immigrants

take jobs from U.S. citizens, but they understand most citizens wouldn’t take the jobs so they support a path to U.S. citizenship for these unauthorized immigrants.


Attitudes toward ImmigrantsAttitudes toward Immigrants• Civil Rights

– U.S. citizens favor letting law enforcement officials stop & verify the legal status of anyone, but they fear civil rights will be infringed upon of U.S. citizens, as a result of racial profiling.

• Local Initiatives– Polls suggest U.S. citizens believe

unauthorized immigration is a pressing matter to the nation, but it should only be dealt with at the federal level & not the local level.

» Many opposed to Arizona’s 2010 law that obligated foreigners to always carry a proof of citizenship with them.

» More than 100 localities across the nation support additional rights for unauthorized immigrants—such a movement is known as a “Sanctuary City.”


Attitudes toward Immigrants

Immigration Concerns Immigration Concerns in Europein Europe– Population growth in Europe is fueled by

immigration from other regions of the world, a trend disliked by many Europeans.• Biggest fear: that the host country’s culture

will be lost, because immigrants:– adhere to different religions – speak different languages

– practice different food and other cultural habits

• Hostility to immigrants has become a main topic of some political parties in many European countries.

– Immigrants blamed for crime, unemployment rates, and high welfare costs.



FIGURE 3-44 IMMIGRATION CONTROVERY IN FRANCE

Demonstrations supporting (top)

more rights for immigrants & (bottom)

tighter immigrationcontrols.

Attitudes toward Immigrants

Europeans as Emigrants– Inhospitable climate for immigrants in

Europe is especially ironic.• Europe was the source of most of the

world’s emigrants, during the 19th c.

• Most Europeans fear losing their cultural heritage to that of new immigrants, while:

– Indo-European languages are now spoken by half of the world, as a result of European emigrants.

– Christianity has the world’s largest # of adherents.– European art, music, literature, philosophy, &

ethics have diffused throughout the world.


SummarySummary

• On a global scale, the largest flows of migrants are from Asia to Europe & from Latin America to the U.S.– Third-world to first-world

• The decision to migrate is a conclusion influenced by a mixture of push & pull factors.

• Migrants face obstacles in migrating not as much by environmental factors anymore but by political or cultural factors.


SummarySummary

• Worldwide, the most prominent type of intraregional migration is from rural areas to urban areas. In the U.S., it is from cities to suburbs.

• Americans & Europeans share mixed views about immigration. They recognize their importance to the local economy, but key features of immigration trouble them.


Chapter 3 Lecture Migration The Cultural Landscape Eleventh Edition © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc....

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