Chapter 3: Ethical Research. Stanley Milgram’s Obedience to Authority Experiment (1961-1965) [p38]
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Transcript of Chapter 3: Ethical Research. Stanley Milgram’s Obedience to Authority Experiment (1961-1965) [p38]
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Chapter 3: Ethical Research
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Stanley Milgram’s Obedience to Authority Experiment (1961-1965) [p38]
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Deception
Occurs when information is withheld from participants or when participants are intentionally misinformed about an aspect of the research [pp44-46]
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Deception is justified only when:
the study is very important no other methods for conducting
research are available deception would not influence the
individual’s decision to participate in the research
[pp44-46]
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Debriefing involves:
informing participants after the experiment about reasons for the deception
discussing any misconceptions
removing harmful effects of deception
[p47]
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Debriefing also includes:
educating people helping people feel good about their
participation educating the researcher about the
experience of the participant
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AmericanPsychologicalAssociation Ethics Code
Beneficience Responsibility Integrity Justice Respect for People’s Rights and Dignity
[p53]
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Beneficence [p39]
Doing or producing good Maximize benefits and minimize harmful effects
of participation
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Responsibility
Being faithful Accuracy in details
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Integrity Justice [p50]
Adherence to a code of moral, artistic, or other values
Conformity to truth, fact, or reason
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Respect for People’s Rights and Dignity (Autonomy) [p42]
Dignity: The state of being worthy, honored, or esteemed
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Institutional Review Board (IRB)
Reviews all research involving human participants [p50]
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Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC)
Reviews research to make sure animals are treated humanely [p57]
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Risk/benefit ratio
A subjective evaluation of the costs and benefits of a research project to participants, society, and the researcher and institution [p39]
Relies on consensus of opinion among committee members
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Assessment of Risks and Benefits [p39]
• Potential Risks
• Physical harm
• Psychological stress
• Loss of confidentiality and privacy
Potential Benefits• Direct benefits, such
as educational benefit, new skill, or treatment for a psychological or medical problem
• Material benefits
• Personal satisfaction
• Educational Benefit
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Minimal risk
The harm or discomfort participants may experience is not greater than what they might experience in their daily lives or during routine physical or psychological tests [p51]
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Confidentiality
A way to protect participants from social risk [pp41]
Maintaining participant confidentiality requires:
*removing any identifying information
*reporting research results in terms of
statistical averages
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Written informed consent
Essential when participants are exposed to more than minimal risk [p42]
Individuals unable to provide legal consent must provide their assent.
assent = agreement
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Informed consent
A person’s explicitly expressed willingness to participate in a research project based on a clear understanding of:1. the nature of the research,2. the consequences of not participating, and3. all the factors that might be expected to
influence that person’s willingness to participate [p42]
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p43
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Nuremberg Code, 1948
Adopted by the United Nations after the second World War
Originally formulated to guide the conduct of biomedical research; subsequently adopted by the APA
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Tuskegee Syphilis Study, 1932-1972 [p50]
A famous case of research misconduct in the United States
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The Belmont Report, 1979 [p39]
Further defined the APA Ethics Code Focused on
• Beneficience
• Respect for people
• Justice
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Privacy
The right of individuals to decide how information about them is communicated to others [p41]
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Things to consider when deciding whether behavior is public or private
Sensitivity of the information Setting of the information Method of dissemination of information
[p41]
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Ethical standards for reporting psychological research include:
Giving publication credit Reporting data accurately Being honest (never fabricating data) Citing other’s work properly (plagiarism
is forbidden!)
[pp59-62]
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[pp61-62]