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Transcript of Chapter 3 Ecosystems: How They Work Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Environmental...
![Page 1: Chapter 3 Ecosystems: How They Work Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Environmental Science Tenth Edition Richard T. Wright.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081504/56649f315503460f94c4c30b/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter 3Ecosystems: How They Work
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
EnvironmentalScienceTenth Edition
Richard T. Wright
![Page 2: Chapter 3 Ecosystems: How They Work Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Environmental Science Tenth Edition Richard T. Wright.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081504/56649f315503460f94c4c30b/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Ecosystems: How They Work
• Matter, energy, and life• Energy flow in ecosystems• The cycling of matter in ecosystems• Implications for human societies
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Matter, Energy, and Life
• Matter in living and nonliving systems
• Energy basics
• Energy changes in organisms
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The Four Spheres of Earth’s Environment
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Elements of Life: A Summary
• Of the 94 naturally occurring elements in the universe, only 24 are utilized by living organisms.
• What elements would be considered harmful to living organisms?
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Match the Elements (Left) with Molecules (Right)
• Nitrogen
• Carbon
• Hydrogen
• Oxygen
• Phosphorus
• Sulfur
• Glucose
• Proteins
• Starch
• Fats
• Nucleic acids
• All of the above
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Atmospheric Gases
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Water and Its Three States
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Minerals: Dense clusters of atoms of two or more elements held together by the attraction of positive and
negative charges.
Na+ and Cl-
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Interrelationships amongAir, Water, and Minerals
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Organic Molecules
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Levels of Organization in Living Things
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Matter and Energy
• Matter: anything that occupies space and has mass.– Cannot be created or destroyed.– Can be changed from one form into another.– Can be recycled.– Can be measured where gravity is present.
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Matter and Energy
• Energy: anything that has the ability to move matter, has no mass and does not occupy space.– Cannot be created or destroyed.– Can be changed from one form to another.– Cannot be recycled.– Can be measured.
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Energy Conversions
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Laws of Thermodynamics
First Law: (CHANGE) Energy is neither created nor destroyed but may be converted from one form to another. NO FREE LUNCHES!
Second Law: (LOSS) In any energy conversion, you will end up with less usable energy thanyou started with. YOU CAN’T BREAK EVEN!
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Example of the Laws of Conservation of Matter and Thermodynamics
Example of the Laws of Conservation of Matter and Thermodynamics
Global WarmingGlobal Warming
Acid RainAcid Rain SmogSmog
Burning Coal = CO2 + SO + H2O + Ash +(CxHxSxOx) Light + Noise + Heat
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Entropy: Energy Changes in Organisms
• Systems will go spontaneously in one direction only which is toward increasing entropy.
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Entropy
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First Principle of Ecosystem Sustainability
• Ecosystems use sunlight as their source of energy.
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How Ecosystems Use Sunlight As Their Source of Energy
How Ecosystems Use Sunlight As Their Source of Energy
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Photosynthesis
Overview of Photosynthesis and Respiration
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Explain how it is possibleto grow a plant in a sealed jar.
Photosynthesis
6 CO2 + 6 H2O C6H12O6 + 6 O2
Respiration
C6H12O6 + 6 O26 CO2 + 6 H2O
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Match Outcomes (Left) with Process (Right)
• Releases O2
• Stores energy• Releases CO2
• Uses CO2
• Releases energy• Produces sugar• Uses sugar• Uses O2
• Photosynthesis• Cell respiration• Both• Neither
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Match Outcomes (Left) With Organisms (Right)Match Outcomes (Left) With Organisms (Right)
• Releases O2
• Stores energy• Releases CO2
• Uses CO2
• Releases energy• Produces sugar• Uses sugar• Uses O2
• Plants
• Animals
• Both
• Neither
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Food Assimilation in Consumers
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Violations of the First Principle of Ecosystem Sustainability
• Excessive use of fossil fuels.
• Feeding largely on the third trophic level.
• Use of coal or nuclear power.
• Use of agricultural land to produce meats.
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Energy Flow in Ecosystems
• Primary production
• Energy flow and efficiency
• Running on solar energy– Freely available– Nonpolluting– Everlasting
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Productivity of Different Ecosystems
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Energy Flow Through Trophic LevelsEnergy Flow Through Trophic Levels
Producer 10,000 Kcal
Third-order Consumer
Secondary Consumer
Primary Consumer- 100x
- 10x
- 10x
100 Kcal
10 Kcal
1 Kcal
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Energy Flow Through Trophic Levels
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The Second Principle of Ecosystem Sustainability
• Ecosystems dispose of wastes and replenish nutrients by recycling all elements.
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The Cycling of Matter in Ecosystems
• The carbon cycle
• The phosphorus cycle
• The nitrogen cycle
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The Carbon Cycle
• How and in what form does carbon enter and leave the cycle?
• How is the role of autotrophs and heterotrophs different and the same?
• What are the human impacts on the cycle?
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Global Carbon Cycle
Natural Production
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Global Carbon Cycle
Human Activities
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The Phosphorus Cycle
• How and in what form(s) does phosphorus enter and leave the cycle?
• How is the role of autotrophs and heterotrophs different and the same?
• What are the human impacts on the cycle?
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The Nitrogen Cycle
• How and in what form(s) does nitrogen enter and leave the cycle?
• How is the role of autotrophs and heterotrophs different and the same?
• What are the human impacts on the cycle?
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Nitrogen Cycle
Fundamental Aspects
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Nitrogen Cycle
Interactive Exercise
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Implications for Human Societies
• Ecosystem sustainability
• Value of ecosystem capital
• The future
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Ecosystem Sustainability
• Ecosystems use sunlight as their source of energy
• Ecosystems dispose of wastes and replenish nutrients by recycling
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Nutrient Recycling and Energy Flow Through an Ecosystem
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Implications for Human Societies
• Ecosystem sustainability• Value of ecosystem capital• The future
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The Human SystemThe Human System
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The Human System
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End of Chapter 3
PPT by Clark E. Adams