Chapter 3: Developing a National Identity

By the end of 1812, Americans had a growing sense of nationalism. A religious revival helped spur reform movements that sought to improve the lives of the poor in an increasingly urban and industrialized nation. Americans also continued to settle in the west , and by 1848 the nation’s borders extended to the Rio Grande and the Pacific Ocean.

Section 1: From Nationalism to Sectionalism

Main Idea: In the early 1800’s, feelings of nationalism grew, although conflicts between different regions of the United States were also emerging.

Bell RingerHow did the United States defy the monarchs of

Europe? In the early 1800s, Russia and Great Britain sought to balance power in Europe, and to suppress

revolutions abroad. Spanish colonies in South America fought for independence, and the United States, although technically neutral, supplied the

rebels and gave new nations diplomatic recognition. Worried about territorial threats from Europe, John

Quincy Adams, secretary of State to President James Monroe, proposed declaring the Americas off-limits to

new European colonization. This policy became known as the Monroe doctrine.

Review Questions

1. How did the United States support rebellions in South America?

2. What was the policy proposed by John Quincy Adams and put into effect by President James Monroe that declared the Americas off-limits to new European colonization?

A Bold Move Between 1803 and 1815, a series of wars

was fought between different European nations and France

After France’s final defeat in 1815, the major European countries created the “Concert of Europe”What does that name mean?Goals: to maintain a balance of power in Europe

and to suppress revolutionary ideas

In South America, were declaring their independence from Spain

Although the U.S. claimed neutrality, it supplied rebels with ships and supplies

In 1822, James Monroe, was the first leader to recognize the new nations

U.S. became concerned that France would try to conquer those newly independent nations and colonize them.

James Monroe issues the “Monroe Doctrine” which states that North American lands are no longer subject to any new colonial establishments

The Rise of Nationalism

The Monroe Doctrine was a demonstration of Nationalism, the belief that the interests of the entire nation are more important than regional interests or the interests of other countries

Nationalism and Domestic Policy James Monroe served as President from 1817

to 1825 During this time: economy grew rapidly, and

spirit of optimism and nationalism prevailed Supreme Court Ruling: McCulloch v. Maryland

Court rules that a National Bank is constitutional Supreme Court Ruling: Gibbons v. Ogden

Supreme Court gives the national government the right to regulate interstate commerce

Nationalism and Foreign Policy Sense of nationalism and pride were fueled

by their success in the war of 1812, and the growing strength of the nation.

The Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)U.S. acquires Florida and establishes a firm

boundary between the Louisiana Purchase and Spanish Territory

The Monroe Doctrine (1823)Declaration by the United States that the land in

North America was off limits to further colonization

Reading Focus Question #1

What events reflected the rise of nationalism in the United States? Supreme Court cases extended the power of

the national government, treaties strengthened U.S. position in the Americas

The Missouri Compromise When the Missouri Territory petitioned to serve

join the union as a state, it caused controversy There were 22 states in the union already, in ½ slavery

was legal, in ½ slavery was not legal This provided balance in the Senate

In 1820 the Missouri Compromise allowed Missouri to be admitted as a slave state, and Maine would be admitted as a free state Kept the balance between slave states and free states Showed that feelings of sectionalism ( the belief that

one’s own section or region is more important than the whole) were beginning to emerge

The Age of Jackson In 1824, Andrew Jackson ran for President

against John Quincy AdamsHad been a popular war hero in war of 1812

John Quincy Adams won the election Outcome: Andrew Jackson creates the

Democratic Party, Adams and his supporters become known as the National Republicans

John Quincy Adams as President

Was a weak President Administration was involved in scandals Was not in touch with the needs and

desires of the American people After one term, Adams lost in the next

election to Andrew Jackson

The Age of Jackson

The time when Jackson became President Was characterized by conflict with the

Native Americans, conflict over the national bank, and sectionalism

Reading Focus Question #2

What was the “Age of Jackson”?The presidency of Andrew Jackson

The Indian Removal Act President Jackson wanted to acquire the

land in the Southeast, where 5 separate Native American Nations lived.

Jackson decided it would be best to relocate the Native American people living in that region

In 1830, Congress signed the Indian Relocation Act which called for the Indian people to be moved west of the Mississippi to an assigned territory

Under the Supervision of the U.S. Army, Native Americans were forced to march hundreds of miles west during the Trail of TearsExposure to weather conditions, malnutrition,

and disease killed many of the Native Americans

The National Bank Congress had established the 2nd National Bank in

1816, with a 20 year charter. Purpose was to regulate state banks Jackson opposed the National Bank

Was a “Strict Constitutionalist” and did not believe the constitution gave the government the right to establish a bank

Also wanted to support state banks which made it easier for poor farmers in the south to get loans

Jackson eventually ordered the Secretary of the Treasury to withdraw money from the national bank and deposit it in state banks

Conflict over States’ Rights Those who favored strengthening state rights over the

rights of the federal government cited the 10th amendment…any power not assigned to the federal government is reserved for the states

In the early 1800’s northern and southern states clashed over tariffs Northern states were in favor of tariffs because it made their

goods more competitive Southern states resented the increase in cost for goods

In 1832, Congress passed another Tariff which led to the nullification crisis

Nullification Theory claimed that the states had the right to reject federal lawsSouth Carolina is the first state to declare the

federal tariff null and void and threatened to secede or separate from the Union if they tried to enforce the tariff

Initially Jackson was going to attempt to use force to collect the tariff. Instead a compromise was reached in which tariffs were reduced for 10 years

The Industrial North Industrial Revolution, the name for the birth

of modern industry and the social changes that accompanied the industrial growth

Began in Great Britain when British inventors used steam and water to power machines to weave cloth

Steam engine became more efficient and reliable in the 1700’s after James Watts improved the existing design

The North Industrializes To protect their industrial advantage Britain

passed a law making it illegal for anyone possessing industrial knowledge to leave the country or export and industrial machine

Samuel Slater violated this law when he brought his knowledge of how to build steam machines to the AmericasHe and his brother built the first textile mill in

Rhode Island By 1810, there were more than 60 textile mills in

New England

Industrialization also led to urbanizationPeople left their farms to go and work in mills

and factoriesAs people moved to areas to work in mills,

more services needed to be developed

Transportation and Communication

Roads: By 1840 a network of roads connected most cities and towns promoting travel and trade

Canals: In 1825 the 363 mile long Erie Canal opened connecting the Great Lakes with the Atlantic Ocean

Railroads: In 1830, the first steam powered train ran in the U.S.

Telegraph: In 1840, Samuel Morse patented the first telegraph, a device that sends messages using electricity through wires

Reading Focus Question #3

How did the Industrial Revolution affect the North?Led to rapid urbanization and the

development of transportation networks and communication advances

Cotton and the South Eli Whitney’s invention of the cotton gin

which separated seeds from the usable part of the cotton made large scale cotton production possible

Effect: more cotton was produced and brought north to weave into cloth

Was also an increased demand for cotton in Great Britain

More people became involved in cotton farming

Slavery Spreads Even with the cotton gin, cotton farming was labor

intensive: land needed to be prepared, seeds planted, plants tended, crop picked, and baked

First cotton farms were small and run by families who didn’t own slaves

Soon wealthier planters grew cotton and other crops on plantations and used slave labor

Increase in cotton farming led to and increase in the demand for slaves In 1810 there were 1 million slaves, by 1849 there were

2.5 million slaves

Reading Focus Question #4

What was the importance of cotton in the South?Revolutionized the South; led to more and

larger plantations and the demand for more slaves

Differences in North and South

North:

Industrial

Urban (cities)

Free States

Favored a strong national government

Strong Network of Transportation

More Nationalist

South:

Agricultural

Rural

Slave States

Favored State Rights

Weaker transportation

network

More sectionalist

Dependent on slave labor

Section 2: A Push for Reform

Main Idea: The Reform era led to some improvements in American society as well as the beginning of the women’s movement and the abolition movement

Bell RingerWhat was happening in Western New York? Revival

meetings, fiery preachers, and religious revelations were all features of life in Western New York in the 1820’s and 1830’s. Religious fervor was so strong that the region was called the “burned-over district” because people said it was scorched by the flames of religion. It was in Western New York that both

the Church of Jesus Christ of later day Saints and the Seventh Day Adventist Church were born. Religious passion in that area was matched by social idealism. In the “Burned-over District” people helped slaves escape to Canada via the

Underground Railroad, idealists established Utopian communities, and supporters of women’s rights began a

movement to promote their cause.

Review Questions

1. What two religious movements trace their origins to Western New York in the 1820s and 1830s?

2. Why do you think social reform movements would have gained followers in an area of strong religious interest?

Religion Sparks Reform Throughout the 1820’s-1830’s there was a

religious movement called the Second Great Awakening in which people joined churches in record numbersDifference from the First Great Awakening in

the 1700’s: preachers did not teach strict adherence to church rules. Rather, they were told their destiny was in their own hands so they should work hard and live well.

Were also told that they had a responsibility to do God’s work on earth

The Reform Era From 1830-1860 Americans tried to reshape

American Society The Temperance Movement: eliminate or

lessen the use of alcohol because they linked it to sickness, poverty and the breakup of families

Education Reforms: movement to get more children educated because educated citizens would make better decisions for the country and was important for a democratic nation

Prison Reforms: Started by Dorthea Dix in 1841 after visiting a prison in Cambridge. Resulted in the creation of state run mental institutions to remove mentally ill people from prison

Transcendentalism Movement: the belief that knowledge is not just gained by observation but also through reason, intuition, and spiritual experiences

Reading Focus Question #1

How did religion spark reform in the early 19th century?Preachers told people that they had a

responsibility to do God’s work on earth

Early Immigration and Urban Reform Irish and Germans were the first two groups

who immigrated to escape poor conditions in their home countries

Most immigrants arrived with no money and struggled to survive

The Know-Nothings A secret organization “The Know-

Nothings” promoted anti-immigration feelings

Created their own political party called the American party

Irish immigrants tended to be poorer, Catholic, and faced greater discrimination

German immigrants were wealthier, Protestant and faced less discrimination, were able to travel further inland to seek land and opportunity

Reform in Cities and Industry Most city dwellers lived in tenements, poorly

made over crowded apartments which lacked light, ventilation, & proper sanitation

Boards of Health were established to reform conditions

30% of Americans worked in factories Wealthy business owners looked down on

workers

Results: low wages, long hours, unsafe working conditions, and other abuses

Workers began to organize into groups to demand higher wages, shorter hours, and safer working conditionsThis was the beginning of labor unions

Labor groups did enjoy some victories:10 hour Movement which limited the workday

to 10 hours

Reading Focus Question #2

How did early immigration lead to urban reform? Immigration led to rapid growth in cities,

where poor residents often lived and worked in poor conditions; these problems led to the reform movement

Women in the Reform Era

Women could not vote, hold office, serve on juries, or own property

Women took an active role in the Reform Era

Women Reformers

Reform movements were rooted in the Second Great Awakening

Women began forming bible reading and missionary societies which eventually evolved into reform societies

Reading Focus Question #3

What was the role of women in the Reform Era?Played a leading role in the reform

movements, including education reforms, prison reforms, and the temperance movement; began the modern women’s movement

The Seneca Falls Convention July 1848 women’s rights convention was

held in Seneca Falls Many women wanted to gain political

influence to be able to promote the reform causes that were important to them

Organized by Lucretia Scott and Elizabeth Cady StantonBoth were abolitionists (wanted to abolish

slavery)

At the convention, they drafted the Seneca Falls Declaration Signed by 100 participantsStated the belief that all men and women were

created equal.Those who signed it were ridiculed

The Abolition Movement Most enslaved people lived on farms or

plantations in the south Worked as farm hands, construction and

repair, household tasks, blacksmiths, bricklayers, or carpenters

Some slaves worked in cities in factories, mills, offices, mines, or lumberjacks

Living conditions were poor-poor food, clothing, and shelter

Received no medical care

Slaveholders routinely separated families when family members were sold to different owners

Many enslaved African Americans formed communities and created common culture

Anti-Slavery Efforts in the South By mid-1800’s there were approximately 250,000

freeman who gained their emancipation Faced terrible social or legal discrimination Played a major role in anti-slavery activities Helped others escape slavery

Between 1776 and 1860 there were about 200 slave uprisings In 1831, Nat Turner and other slaves killed a slaveholder

and his family, marched toward Southampton VA killing dozens of other white people along the way

Militia captured them and hanged 20 of them

Many slaves attempted to escape to Canada, the Northern states or Mexico where slavery was illegal

An informal, constantly changing network of escape routes was developed became known as “Underground Railroad”Sympathetic whites and freemen provided

escapees with food, hiding places, and directions to their next destination

Harriet Tubman was a famous “conductor” on the underground railroad who had escaped slavery herself

The Abolition Movement in the North Abolition movement was formed to help abolish or end

slavery Religious people in the north saw slavery as a moral

wrong In 1833 William Lloyd Garrison founded the American

Anti-Slavery Society First abolitionist group to call for the immediate end to

slavery

Most abolitionist work was done by women Fredrick Douglas, an escaped slave was an

abolitionist and supported women’s rights

Majority of Southerners did not own slaves Slave-owners found the abolition

movement outrageous Slaveholders argued that slavery was

essential for cotton production By 1860, cotton accounted for 60% of U.S.

exports Most northerners supported slavery as

well Why?

Section 3: Expansion Leads to Conflict

Main Idea:

As the United States pushed westward, conflicted erupted between Texas and Mexico

Bell Ringer

What challenges did westward bound pioneers face? Oregon was a popular destination for pioneers. One

woman who made the trip was 19 year old Harriet Buckingham, who described her journey in her diary. Her

wagon train included 7 wagons and a carriage, oxen, cows, horses, and mules. They had to carry their own

food, tents, and stoves. When the wagon train reached the Platte River, the men of several groups built a bridge.

More than 50 wagons crossed safely. The timing was lucky, because later that night, a fierce thunderstorm

erupted.

Review Questions:

1. What types of items did pioneers have to bring with them on their journey?

2. How would bad weather have affected the pioneers travelling across North America?

Manifest Destiny Manifest Destiny was the belief that it was

America’s God given right to settle the lands westward to the Pacific Ocean

There were three major routes west:Santa Fe Trail

Led from Missouri to Santa Fe, NMThe Oregon Trail

Longest and most famous trail reaching from Missouri to Oregon

The Mormon Trail Mormons faced persecution and were forced from

their homes. They followed the Mormon Trail west

Reading Focus Question #1

How did the idea of manifest destiny influence Americans’ western migration?Americans believed it was their God given

right to settle the land all the way to the Pacific Ocean

The California Gold Rush In 1848 gold was discovered in Northern

California Mass Migration to CA of miners and business

people who made money off them became known as the California Gold Rush

In 1849 40,000 people moved to CA. They were known as the “49ers”

In 1850, CA became the 31st state 80% of new Californians came from the U.S.

Initially miners would move into camps in the gold fields, but businessmen moved into cities, especially San Francisco

Other cities that grew were Stockton and Sacramento, which became the state capital

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Major Effects of Western Migration In 1869 continuous railroad tracks were

completed connecting the east coast to the west coast

Oregon Treaty allowed the United States to acquire Oregon from Great Britain and established the boundary between Oregon and British Canada at the 49th parallel

The Pony Express used young riders on fast horses to relay mail between Missouri and CA

In 1861 the telegraph linked the east and the west

Americans move into Texas In 1820, Moses Austin approached Spanish

officials with the Texas Venture In exchange for land, he would build a colony in

Texas In 1823, Austin’s son Stephen established the

colonyBy 1824 300 families (about 1800 people) lived in

the colonyBy the time the colony was set up, Mexico was

no longer part of Spain, it was independentBy 1830 almost all the settlers in Texas were

Americans, not Mexicans

The Texas Revolution In exchange for land, Texas settlers had to

surrender American citizenship, swear allegiance to Mexico, adopt the Catholic religion, and keep the land for 7 years

Although the settlers did this, in their mind, they were still Americans

Mexico became concerned with the American influence and wanted to control it

In response to Mexico’s efforts, Texas decided it wanted its independence

On March 2, 1836 Texas declared its independence from Mexico

The Alamo In the 1700’s, the Alamo had been a mission, but was

converted for military use Mexican President Santa Anna led a force of 6,000 north into

Texas and demanded their surrender Commander of the Texans, William Travis responded with a

cannon shot Battle lasted 12 days…On March 6 1835 1800 Mexican

soldiers stormed the Alamo Within 4 hours the Mexicans had killed all but 200 of the

Alamo defenders On April 21 in the Battle of San Jacinto, Santa Anna was

captured and forced to recognize Texas as an independent country

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Reading Focus Question #2:

How did Texaas achieve independence from Mexico?Through the Texas revolution, after capturing

the Mexican president, Texans forced him to sign treaties recognizing Texan independence

The Annexation of Texas In Texas’ first election, Sam Houston won the

presidency Election also was about whether or not Texas should

join the union… the result was overwhelmingly yes Many Americans were in favor of annexing Texas

Would increase the land of the United States (Manifest Destiny)

Admired the Texans for their courage against the Mexicans Would allow slavery

Many Americans opposed annexing Texas Did not want to absorb Texas’ debt Did not want to spread slavery Did not want to tip the balance of Congress in favor of the

South

Texas remained independent for 9 years Became an issue during the Presidential

race of 1844 John Tyler offered a solution: Texas could

become a state under certain conditions On December 29, 1845, Texas joined the

union

Causes of the Mexican American War

In response to annexation of Texas, Mexico broke off diplomatic relations with U.S.

President James Polk wanted to acquire land between Texas and the Pacific OceanWas sparsely populated by American or Mexican

settlersMexican government and military had little

presence there

In 1845, Polk sent an envoy, John Slidell, to Mexico U.S. would cancel some of Mexico’s debts in

exchange for recognizing the Rio Grande as the new boundary between the U.S. and Mexico

Also would pay $30 million for New Mexico and CA

No one in Mexico would meet with Slidell Was furious and wanted Mexico punished On May 13, 1846 Mexican-American War

began

The Republic of California General Stephen Kearney marched west from

KS headed for New Mexico Easily captured Santa Fe Moved on to CA In CA, a small group of American settlers

revolted and easily defended a small Mexican force in Sonoma

Rebels forced the Mexican leader to sign a treaty turning over CA to the rebel group

On June 14, 1846, rebels declared CA an independent republic and made a flag with a bear on it.

Revolt became known as the “Bear Flag Revolt”

1 month later, the U.S. forces arrived and took control of CA

General Winfield Scott landed on the Eastern coast of Mexico, and headed inland capturing Mexico City

Results of the War Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ended the

Mexican-American WarMexico gave up its claim to TexasHad to cede (give) New Mexico, CA, Nevada,

Arizona, Utah, Colorado, and Wyoming to the U.S.

In exchange for this land, the U.S. paid $15 million and dropped its claim for $3 million in damages “Gadsden Purchase”

Reading Focus Question #3: What were the causes and effects of

the Mexican American War? Causes

Annexation of Texas

Mexico’s refusal to meet with President Polk’s envoy

Boundary dispute

Effects

U.S. took control of a huge area of land including what became New Mexico and CA

Chapter 3 CST Review Question #1

The Second Great Awakening encourageda. Individual responsibility, a strong work ethic and social

reform

b. A return to traditional values and strict adherence to church rules

c. The codification of Christine doctrine as law at all levels of government

d. The establishment of new churches based on public displays of faith and denial of material wants

Chapter 3 CST Review Question #2 Which of the following religious groups was

founded by Joseph Smith in the Burned over District and forced to flee persecution for its practices in the mid 1800’s?a. Shakers

b. Quakers

c. Mormons

d. Seventh day Adventists