Chapter 3 Data Representation. 2 Data and Computers Computers are multimedia devices, dealing with...
-
Upload
aubrie-dalton -
Category
Documents
-
view
241 -
download
2
Transcript of Chapter 3 Data Representation. 2 Data and Computers Computers are multimedia devices, dealing with...
![Page 1: Chapter 3 Data Representation. 2 Data and Computers Computers are multimedia devices, dealing with many categories of information. Computers store, present,](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649dbd5503460f94ab0050/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter 3
Data Representation
![Page 2: Chapter 3 Data Representation. 2 Data and Computers Computers are multimedia devices, dealing with many categories of information. Computers store, present,](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649dbd5503460f94ab0050/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
2
Data and Computers
Computers are multimedia devices, dealing with many categories of information.Computers store, present, and help modify:
Numbers Text Audio Images and graphics Video
![Page 3: Chapter 3 Data Representation. 2 Data and Computers Computers are multimedia devices, dealing with many categories of information. Computers store, present,](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649dbd5503460f94ab0050/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
3
Analog and Digital Information Computers are finite. Computer memory and
other hardware devices have only so much room to store and manipulate a certain amount of data. The goal of data representation is to represent enough of the world to satisfy our computational needs and our senses of sight and sound.
![Page 4: Chapter 3 Data Representation. 2 Data and Computers Computers are multimedia devices, dealing with many categories of information. Computers store, present,](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649dbd5503460f94ab0050/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
4
Analog and Digital Information Information can be represented in one of two ways:
analog or digital.
Analog data: A continuous representation, analogous to the actual information it represents.
Digital data: A series of discrete representations, breaking the information up into separate elements.
![Page 5: Chapter 3 Data Representation. 2 Data and Computers Computers are multimedia devices, dealing with many categories of information. Computers store, present,](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649dbd5503460f94ab0050/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
5
Analog and Digital InformationA mercury thermometer exemplifies analog data as it continually rises and falls in direct proportion to the temperature.
Digital displays only show discrete information.
![Page 6: Chapter 3 Data Representation. 2 Data and Computers Computers are multimedia devices, dealing with many categories of information. Computers store, present,](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649dbd5503460f94ab0050/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
6
Analog and Digital Information Computers cannot work well with analog information, so we
digitize it by sampling it at discrete intervals and representing each interval by a numeric value.
![Page 7: Chapter 3 Data Representation. 2 Data and Computers Computers are multimedia devices, dealing with many categories of information. Computers store, present,](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649dbd5503460f94ab0050/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
7
Electronic Signals
An analog signal continually fluctuates up and down in voltage. But a digital signal has only a high or low state, corresponding to the two binary digits.
An analog and a digital signal
![Page 8: Chapter 3 Data Representation. 2 Data and Computers Computers are multimedia devices, dealing with many categories of information. Computers store, present,](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649dbd5503460f94ab0050/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
8
Electronic Signals
All electronic signals (both analog and digital) degrade as they move down a line. That is, the voltage of the signal fluctuates due to environmental effects.
Degradation of analog and digital signals
![Page 9: Chapter 3 Data Representation. 2 Data and Computers Computers are multimedia devices, dealing with many categories of information. Computers store, present,](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649dbd5503460f94ab0050/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
9
Electronic Signals (Cont’d)
Even when it has deteriorated, it is possible to distinguish the 2 states of a digital signal by comparison to the threshold.
Periodically, a digital signal can be reclocked to regain its original shape.
No such process is available for analog signals.
![Page 10: Chapter 3 Data Representation. 2 Data and Computers Computers are multimedia devices, dealing with many categories of information. Computers store, present,](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649dbd5503460f94ab0050/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
10
Compressing Files
![Page 11: Chapter 3 Data Representation. 2 Data and Computers Computers are multimedia devices, dealing with many categories of information. Computers store, present,](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649dbd5503460f94ab0050/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
11
Data Compression
It is important that we find ways to store and transmit data efficiently, which leads computer scientists to find ways to compress it.
Data compression is a reduction in the amount of space needed to store a piece of data.
Compression ratio is the size of the compressed data divided by the size of the original data.
![Page 12: Chapter 3 Data Representation. 2 Data and Computers Computers are multimedia devices, dealing with many categories of information. Computers store, present,](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649dbd5503460f94ab0050/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
12
Data Compression A data compression technique can be
lossless, which means the data can be retrieved without any loss of the original information,
lossy, which means some information may be lost in the process of compaction.
As examples, consider these 3 techniques: keyword encoding run-length encoding Huffman encoding
![Page 13: Chapter 3 Data Representation. 2 Data and Computers Computers are multimedia devices, dealing with many categories of information. Computers store, present,](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649dbd5503460f94ab0050/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
13
Keyword Encoding
Frequently used words are replaced with a single character.For example…
Note, that the characters used to encode cannot be part of the original text.
![Page 14: Chapter 3 Data Representation. 2 Data and Computers Computers are multimedia devices, dealing with many categories of information. Computers store, present,](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649dbd5503460f94ab0050/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
14
Keyword Encoding
Consider the following paragraph,The human body is composed of many independent systems, such as the circulatory system, the respiratory system, and the reproductive system. Not only must all systems work independently, they must interact and cooperate as well. Overall health is a function of the well-being of separate systems, as well as how these separate systems work in concert.
![Page 15: Chapter 3 Data Representation. 2 Data and Computers Computers are multimedia devices, dealing with many categories of information. Computers store, present,](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649dbd5503460f94ab0050/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
15
Keyword Encoding
This version highlights the words that can be replaced.
The human body is composed of many independent systems, such as the circulatory system, the respiratory system, and the reproductive system. Not only must each system work independently, they must interact and cooperate as well. Overall health is a function of the well-being of separate systems, as well as how those separate systems work in concert.
![Page 16: Chapter 3 Data Representation. 2 Data and Computers Computers are multimedia devices, dealing with many categories of information. Computers store, present,](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649dbd5503460f94ab0050/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
16
Keyword Encoding
This is the encoded paragraph:The human body is composed of many independent systems, such ^ ~ circulatory system, ~ respiratory system, + ~ reproductive system. Not only & each system work independently, they & interact + cooperate ^ %. Overall health is a function of ~ %- being of separate systems, ^ % ^ how # separate systems work in concert.
![Page 17: Chapter 3 Data Representation. 2 Data and Computers Computers are multimedia devices, dealing with many categories of information. Computers store, present,](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649dbd5503460f94ab0050/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
17
Keyword Encoding There are a total of 349 characters in the
original paragraph including spaces and punctuation.
The encoded paragraph contains 314 characters, resulting in a savings of 35 characters.
The compression ratio for this example is 314/349 or approximately 0.9.
![Page 18: Chapter 3 Data Representation. 2 Data and Computers Computers are multimedia devices, dealing with many categories of information. Computers store, present,](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649dbd5503460f94ab0050/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
18
Keyword Encoding A compression ratio of .9 (90%) is NOT very
good. The compressed file is 90% the size of the original.
However, there are several ways this can be improved. Can you think of some?
![Page 19: Chapter 3 Data Representation. 2 Data and Computers Computers are multimedia devices, dealing with many categories of information. Computers store, present,](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649dbd5503460f94ab0050/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
19
Run-Length Encoding A single character may be repeated over and
over again in a long sequence. This type of repetition doesn’t generally take place in English text, but often occurs in large data streams.
In run-length encoding, a sequence of repeated characters is replaced by: a flag character, followed by the repeated character, followed by a single digit that indicates how many
times the character is repeated.
![Page 20: Chapter 3 Data Representation. 2 Data and Computers Computers are multimedia devices, dealing with many categories of information. Computers store, present,](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649dbd5503460f94ab0050/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
20
Run-Length EncodingSome examples:
AAAAAAAwould be encoded as
*A7
*n5*x9ccc*h6 some other text *k8eeecan be decoded into the following original text:
nnnnnxxxxxxxxxccchhhhhh some other text kkkkkkkkeee
![Page 21: Chapter 3 Data Representation. 2 Data and Computers Computers are multimedia devices, dealing with many categories of information. Computers store, present,](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649dbd5503460f94ab0050/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
21
Run-Length Encoding In the second example, the original text
contains 51 characters, and the encoded string contains 35 characters, giving us a compression ratio of 35/51 or approximately 0.68.
Since we are using one character for the repetition count, it seems that we can’t encode repetition lengths greater than nine. However, instead of interpreting the count character as an ASCII digit, we could interpret it as a binary number.
![Page 22: Chapter 3 Data Representation. 2 Data and Computers Computers are multimedia devices, dealing with many categories of information. Computers store, present,](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649dbd5503460f94ab0050/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
22
Huffman Encoding
Why should the blank, which is used very frequently, take up the same number of bits as the character “X”, which is seldom used in text?
Huffman codes use variable-length bit strings to represent each character.
A few characters may be represented by five bits, and another few by six bits, and yet another few by seven bits, and so forth.
![Page 23: Chapter 3 Data Representation. 2 Data and Computers Computers are multimedia devices, dealing with many categories of information. Computers store, present,](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649dbd5503460f94ab0050/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
23
Huffman Encoding
If we use only a few bits to represent characters that appear often and reserve longer bit strings for characters that don’t appear often, the overall size of the document being represented will be smaller.
![Page 24: Chapter 3 Data Representation. 2 Data and Computers Computers are multimedia devices, dealing with many categories of information. Computers store, present,](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649dbd5503460f94ab0050/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
24
Huffman Encoding
An example of a Huffman alphabet
![Page 25: Chapter 3 Data Representation. 2 Data and Computers Computers are multimedia devices, dealing with many categories of information. Computers store, present,](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649dbd5503460f94ab0050/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
25
Huffman Encoding
DOORBELL would be encoded in binary as 1011110110111101001100100.
If we used a fixed-size bit string to represent each character (say, 8 bits), then the binary from of the original string would be 64 bits.
The Huffman encoding for that string is 25 bits long, giving a compression ratio of 25/64, or approximately 0.39.
An important characteristic of any Huffman encoding is that no bit string used to represent a character is the prefix of any other bit string used to represent a character.
![Page 26: Chapter 3 Data Representation. 2 Data and Computers Computers are multimedia devices, dealing with many categories of information. Computers store, present,](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649dbd5503460f94ab0050/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
26
Representing Audio Data
![Page 27: Chapter 3 Data Representation. 2 Data and Computers Computers are multimedia devices, dealing with many categories of information. Computers store, present,](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649dbd5503460f94ab0050/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
27
Representing Audio Information We perceive sound when a series of air
compressions vibrate a membrane in our ear, which sends signals to our brain.
A stereo sends an electrical signal to a speaker to produce sound. This signal is an analog representation of the sound wave. The voltage in the signal varies in direct proportion to the sound wave.
![Page 28: Chapter 3 Data Representation. 2 Data and Computers Computers are multimedia devices, dealing with many categories of information. Computers store, present,](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649dbd5503460f94ab0050/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
28
Representing Audio Information
To digitize the signal we periodically measure the voltage of the signal and record the appropriate numeric value. The process is called sampling.
In general, a sampling rate of around 40,000 times per second is enough to create a reasonable sound reproduction.
The standard sampling rate for CDs is 44.1 kHz. The Pro Audio standard is 48 kHz.
![Page 29: Chapter 3 Data Representation. 2 Data and Computers Computers are multimedia devices, dealing with many categories of information. Computers store, present,](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649dbd5503460f94ab0050/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
29
BEWARE!!
Figure 3.8 Sampling an audio signal
This is NOT true!
![Page 30: Chapter 3 Data Representation. 2 Data and Computers Computers are multimedia devices, dealing with many categories of information. Computers store, present,](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649dbd5503460f94ab0050/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
30
Representing Audio InformationThe potential loss of peak values
suggested in the previous slide is a myth.
The time lapse between samples is much too short for any such loss.
![Page 31: Chapter 3 Data Representation. 2 Data and Computers Computers are multimedia devices, dealing with many categories of information. Computers store, present,](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649dbd5503460f94ab0050/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
31
Representing Audio InformationThe human ear hears sounds between 20 Hz
and 20,000 Hz. Sampling at twice this frequency (44,000+) eliminates any potential loss of data.
For a complete explanation refer to the Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem.
![Page 32: Chapter 3 Data Representation. 2 Data and Computers Computers are multimedia devices, dealing with many categories of information. Computers store, present,](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649dbd5503460f94ab0050/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
32
Representing Audio Information
A compact disk (CD) stores audio information digitally. On the surface of the CD are microscopic pits that represent binary digits. A low intensity laser is pointed at the disc. The laser light reflects strongly if the surface is smooth and reflects poorly if the surface is pitted.
![Page 33: Chapter 3 Data Representation. 2 Data and Computers Computers are multimedia devices, dealing with many categories of information. Computers store, present,](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649dbd5503460f94ab0050/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
33
Representing Audio Information
Figure 3.9 A CD player reading binary information
![Page 34: Chapter 3 Data Representation. 2 Data and Computers Computers are multimedia devices, dealing with many categories of information. Computers store, present,](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649dbd5503460f94ab0050/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
34
Audio Formats
Audio Formats WAV, AU, AIFF, VQF, and MP3.
MP3 is dominant MP3 is short for MPEG-2, audio layer 3 file. MP3 employs both lossy and lossless compression.
First it analyses the frequency spread and compares it to mathematical models of human psychoacoustics (the study of the interrelation between the ear and the brain), and it discards information that can’t be heard by humans.
Then the bit stream is compressed using a form of Huffman encoding to achieve additional compression.
![Page 35: Chapter 3 Data Representation. 2 Data and Computers Computers are multimedia devices, dealing with many categories of information. Computers store, present,](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649dbd5503460f94ab0050/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
35
Representing Graphic Images
![Page 36: Chapter 3 Data Representation. 2 Data and Computers Computers are multimedia devices, dealing with many categories of information. Computers store, present,](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649dbd5503460f94ab0050/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
36
Representing Images and Graphics Colour is our perception of the various
frequencies of light that reach the retinas of our eyes.
Our retinas have three types of colour photoreceptor cones which respond to different sets of frequencies. These photoreceptor categories correspond to the colours of red, green, and blue.
![Page 37: Chapter 3 Data Representation. 2 Data and Computers Computers are multimedia devices, dealing with many categories of information. Computers store, present,](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649dbd5503460f94ab0050/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
37
Representing Images and Graphics Colour is often expressed in a computer as
an RGB (red, green, blue) value, which is actually three numbers that indicate the relative contribution of each of these three primary colours.
For example, an RGB value of (255, 255, 0) maximizes the contribution of red and green, and minimizes the contribution of blue. The resulting colour is a bright yellow.
![Page 38: Chapter 3 Data Representation. 2 Data and Computers Computers are multimedia devices, dealing with many categories of information. Computers store, present,](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649dbd5503460f94ab0050/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
38
Representing Images and Graphics
Figure 3.10 Three-dimensional color space
![Page 39: Chapter 3 Data Representation. 2 Data and Computers Computers are multimedia devices, dealing with many categories of information. Computers store, present,](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649dbd5503460f94ab0050/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
39
Representing Images and Graphics
![Page 40: Chapter 3 Data Representation. 2 Data and Computers Computers are multimedia devices, dealing with many categories of information. Computers store, present,](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649dbd5503460f94ab0050/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
40
Representing Images and Graphics The amount of data that is used to represent
a colour is called the colour depth. HiColor is a term that indicates a 16-bit colour
depth. Five bits are used for each number in an RGB value and the extra bit is sometimes used to represent transparency.
TrueColor indicates a 24-bit colour depth. Therefore, each number in an RGB value gets eight bits.
![Page 41: Chapter 3 Data Representation. 2 Data and Computers Computers are multimedia devices, dealing with many categories of information. Computers store, present,](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649dbd5503460f94ab0050/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
41
Representing Images and Graphics HiColor uses 5 bits for each number.
Since 25 = 32, there are 32 different levels for each of the 3 primary colours. So there are 323 (or 215) possible colours.
This is a total of 32,768 different colours. TrueColor uses eight bits for each colour component.
28* 28* 28 = 224 or 16,777,216 colours. Some monitors can use as many as 32 bits for colour
depth. This is potentially 4,294,967,296 colours!
![Page 42: Chapter 3 Data Representation. 2 Data and Computers Computers are multimedia devices, dealing with many categories of information. Computers store, present,](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649dbd5503460f94ab0050/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
42
Representing Images and Graphics The human eye is able to distinguish about
200 intensity levels in each of the three primaries red, green, and blue. All in all, up to 10 million different colours can be distinguished.
So modern monitors are examples of solutions without a problem. If the human eye can distinguish only 10 million
colours, why develop monitors that can display over 4 billion?
![Page 43: Chapter 3 Data Representation. 2 Data and Computers Computers are multimedia devices, dealing with many categories of information. Computers store, present,](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649dbd5503460f94ab0050/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
43
Indexed Colour A particular application such as a browser
may support only a certain number of specific colours, creating a palette from which to choose. For example, Netscape Navigator’s colour palette has only 216 colours.
![Page 44: Chapter 3 Data Representation. 2 Data and Computers Computers are multimedia devices, dealing with many categories of information. Computers store, present,](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649dbd5503460f94ab0050/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
44
Digitized Images and Graphics Digitizing a picture is the act of representing it
as a collection of individual dots, called pixels.
The number of pixels used to represent an image is called the resolution.
As an example, the resolution of many monitors is 1024 X 768, or 786,432 pixels.
If the colour of each pixel is stored as 24 bits (3 bytes) of data, the screen alone requires 2,359,296 bytes (2 megabytes) of memory.
![Page 45: Chapter 3 Data Representation. 2 Data and Computers Computers are multimedia devices, dealing with many categories of information. Computers store, present,](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649dbd5503460f94ab0050/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
45
Digitized Images and Graphics
Figure 3.12 A digitized picture composed of few individual pixels
![Page 46: Chapter 3 Data Representation. 2 Data and Computers Computers are multimedia devices, dealing with many categories of information. Computers store, present,](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649dbd5503460f94ab0050/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
46
Digitized Images and Graphics
Figure 3.12 A digitized picture composed of many individual pixels
![Page 47: Chapter 3 Data Representation. 2 Data and Computers Computers are multimedia devices, dealing with many categories of information. Computers store, present,](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649dbd5503460f94ab0050/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
47
Digitized Images and Graphics The storage of image information on a pixel-
by-pixel basis is called a raster-graphics format.
There are several popular raster file formats including: BMP (bitmap) GIF (Graphics Interchange Format) JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group)
![Page 48: Chapter 3 Data Representation. 2 Data and Computers Computers are multimedia devices, dealing with many categories of information. Computers store, present,](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649dbd5503460f94ab0050/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
48
Vector Graphics
Instead of assigning colours to pixels as we do in raster graphics, a vector-graphics format describes an image in terms of lines and geometric shapes.
A vector graphic is a series of commands that describe a line’s direction, thickness, and colour. The file size for these formats tends to be small because every pixel does not need to be represented.
![Page 49: Chapter 3 Data Representation. 2 Data and Computers Computers are multimedia devices, dealing with many categories of information. Computers store, present,](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649dbd5503460f94ab0050/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
49
Vector Graphics
Vector graphics can be resized mathematically, and these changes can be calculated dynamically as needed.
This makes them particularly useful for defining scalable fonts.
However, vector graphics is not a good technique for representing real-world images.
![Page 50: Chapter 3 Data Representation. 2 Data and Computers Computers are multimedia devices, dealing with many categories of information. Computers store, present,](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649dbd5503460f94ab0050/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
50
Representing Video Data
![Page 51: Chapter 3 Data Representation. 2 Data and Computers Computers are multimedia devices, dealing with many categories of information. Computers store, present,](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649dbd5503460f94ab0050/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
51
Representing Video
A video codec (COmpressor/DECompressor) refers to the methods used to shrink the size of a movie to allow it to be played on a computer or over a network.
Almost all video codecs use lossy compression to minimize the huge amounts of data associated with video.
![Page 52: Chapter 3 Data Representation. 2 Data and Computers Computers are multimedia devices, dealing with many categories of information. Computers store, present,](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649dbd5503460f94ab0050/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
52
Representing Video
To simulate motion, movies need to record (and play back) at least 12 frames per second.
However, good sound quality requires 24 frames/s.
24 frames/s = 1440 frames/minute= 46400 frames/hour
![Page 53: Chapter 3 Data Representation. 2 Data and Computers Computers are multimedia devices, dealing with many categories of information. Computers store, present,](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649dbd5503460f94ab0050/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
53
Representing Video
Recall…
If each frame has a resolution of 1024 x 768*
there are 786,432 pixels in a frame.If the colour of each pixel is stored as 24 bits (3 bytes) of data, one
frame alone requires 2,359,296 bytes (2 MB) of memory.An hour of film then, requires 203,843,174,400 bytes (194,400 MB
– more than 190 Gigabytes) of storage – just for the images.
*This is a very conservative resolution.
![Page 54: Chapter 3 Data Representation. 2 Data and Computers Computers are multimedia devices, dealing with many categories of information. Computers store, present,](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649dbd5503460f94ab0050/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
54
Representing Video
The first step in compressing video is to reduce the amount of information stored for a frame.
This problem is essentially the same as that faced when compressing still images.
Spatial compression: A technique based on removing redundant information within a frame.
![Page 55: Chapter 3 Data Representation. 2 Data and Computers Computers are multimedia devices, dealing with many categories of information. Computers store, present,](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649dbd5503460f94ab0050/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
55
Representing Video
Each compressed frame will still be quite large.
Moreover, each one is a still picture that looks very much like the one before it. After all, how much can change in 1/24 of a second?
Why should we waste space to duplicate all of the identical information?
![Page 56: Chapter 3 Data Representation. 2 Data and Computers Computers are multimedia devices, dealing with many categories of information. Computers store, present,](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649dbd5503460f94ab0050/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
56
Representing Video
We can save even more space by recognizing that between two frames, most of the image hasn’t changed. Storing only the changes (deltas) from one cell to the next is much more efficient.
Temporal compression A technique based on storing differences between consecutive frames.