Chapter 3 Atmospheric Energy and Global Temperatures Elemental Geosystems 4e Robert W....
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Transcript of Chapter 3 Atmospheric Energy and Global Temperatures Elemental Geosystems 4e Robert W....
Chapter 3Atmospheric Energy and
Global Temperatures
Elemental Geosystems 4e
Robert W. ChristophersonCharlie Thomsen
Atmospheric Energy and Global Temperatures
Energy Essentials
Energy at Earth’s Surface
Temperature Concepts and Controls
Earth’s Temperature Patterns
The Urban Environment
Energy Essentials Energy Pathways and Principles
Shortwave energy in from the Sun
Longwave energy out from Earth
Insolation
Figure 3.2
Energy Pathways
Figure 3.1
Energy PathwaysTransmission
Scattering
Refraction
Albedo and Reflection
Refraction
Figure 3.4
Refraction
Figure 3.3
Albedo and Reflection
Figure 3.5
Clouds and Albedo
Figure 3.6
Heat TransferConduction
Molecule-to-molecule transfer
ConvectionEnergy transferred by movement
AdvectionHorizontally dominant movement
RadiationEnergy traveling through air or space
Heat Transfer
Figure 3.7
Energy Balance in the Troposphere
The Greenhouse Effect and Atmospheric Warming
Clouds and Earth’s “Greenhouse”
Earth–Atmosphere Radiation Balance
The Greenhouse Effect and Atmospheric Warming
Atmosphere absorbs heat energy
A real greenhouse traps heat inside
Atmosphere delays transfer of heat from Earth into space
Clouds and Earth’s “Greenhouse”
Figure 3.8
Outgoing Shortwave Energy
Figure 3.9
Outgoing Longwave Energy
Figure 3.9
Earth–Atmosphere Radiation Budget
Figure 3.10
Energy Balance at Earth’s Surface
Daily Radiation Patterns
Simplified Surface Energy Balance
The Urban Environment
Daily Radiation Patterns
Figure 3.12
Simplified Surface Energy BalanceNET R =
+ SW (insolation)
– SW (reflection)
+ LW (infrared)
– LW (infrared)
Figure 3.13
Temperature Concepts and ControlsTemperature Scales
Measuring Temperature
Principal Temperature Controls
Land–Water Heating Differences
Temperature Scales
Fahrenheit
Celsius
Kelvin
Temperature Scales
Figure 3.15
Principal Temperature Controls Latitude
Affects insolation
Altitude High altitude has greater daily rangeHigh altitude has lower annual average
Cloud Cover High albedoModerate temperatures – cooler days, warmer nights
Effects of Latitude
Figure 3.17
Altitude
Figure 3.18
Land–Water Heating Differences Evaporation
Transparency
Specific heat
Movement
Ocean currents and sea surface temperatures
Marine vs. continental effects
Land–Water Heating Differences
Figure 3.20
The GulfStream
Figure 3.21
Marine and Continental Climates
Figure 3.23
Marine and Continental Climates
Figure 3.25
Earth’s Temperature PatternsJanuary Temperature Map
Thermal equator movement southward
More movement over large continents
July Temperature Map Thermal equator movement northward
More movement over large continents
Annual Range of TemperaturesContinentality
January Temperatures
Figure 3.24
July Temperatures
Figure 3.26
Global Temperature Ranges
Figure 3.28
The Urban Environment
Figure 3.29
Urban Heat Island
Figure 3.30
Air Temperature and the Human Body
Wind chillCorrelates cold and wind speed
Heat indexCorrelates heat and humidity
Wind Chill Table
Figure 1
Heat Index Table
Figure 2
End of Chapter 3
Elemental Geosystems 4e
Robert W. ChristophersonCharlie Thomsen