Chapter 28 The Middle East Part I Ottoman Empire was in decline Young Turks –Modernization –More...
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Transcript of Chapter 28 The Middle East Part I Ottoman Empire was in decline Young Turks –Modernization –More...
Chapter 28
The Middle East Part I
• Ottoman Empire was in decline
• Young Turks– Modernization– More secular
Causes of WWI
• Nationalism, Alliances, and Military Strategy• People were excited of the “idea” of war • Triple Alliance
– Germany– Austria-Hungary– Ottomans
• Triple Entente – Britain– France– Russia
• Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia -July 28, 1914
The “Great War”
• Stalemate, 1914–1917• The Western Front
– trench warfare – Machine guns – Poisonous gas – Artillery – Airplanes
• Seas – U-boats vs. huge battle ships
• Eastern Front – Industrial Germany decimating large numbers of
Russians
Total War
• Rationing• Use of colonies • Women-nurses and working in factories • United States
– Wealth from selling weapons – US enters war- Unrestricted Sub-warfare/ 1917
• Armistice was signed on November 11, 1918• Worst Conflict in world history • Millions of refugees • Influenza • Destruction of land
Peace
• The Big three – England– US– France
• Treaty of Versailles
• Nobody was happy
• Woodrow Wilson – 14 Points
The Middle East Part II
• Ottomans faced strong defeats by Russians
• British encouraged Arab rebellions
• Balfour Declaration of 1917
• Oil
Russian Revolution
• Russians faced horrible loses during war
• Tsar overthrown
• Provisional Government
• Vladimir Lenin’s Bolsheviks Party
Russian Civil War
• Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
• 1921 Lenin’s New Economic Policy
• 1924 -Lenin died
• Leon Trotsky vs Joseph Stalin
China vs Japan• China faced harsh conditions
– Vast social stratification– Anger toward foreigners – Horrible flooding
• Japan lacked many natural resources – Economy based on trade and Imperialism– Greatly effected by global business cycle
• Japan entered WWI to gain colonies
Post Imperial China
• Boxer Rebellion – Humiliated by foreigners – Qing hated –Especially by youth
• Sun Yat-sen vs Yuan Shikai – Yuan ruled as an absololute dictator
• Regional Warlords controlled most areas– Japan gained German colonies
• Sun Yat-sen’s Guomindang party worked with Communists
• Chiang Kai-shek crushed warlords and communists
• Still suffered horrible poverty- corruption
The Middle East Part III-- The Mandate System
• 3 types of “Mandates”
• Ottoman Government disintegrated
• Mustafa Kemal– Modern secular state
• Palestine Mandate- Limit Jews / Made everyone angry
The 1920s• Painful recovery and readjustment (1919–1923)• Peace and prosperity (1924–1929). • Decline in social stratification • Women gained more freedoms • Changes in Academics
– Sub-atomic particles– Theory of relativity
• Question Newtonian physics
– psychology • Sigmund Freud
– sociology • cultural relativism
New Technologies
• Airplane• Electronics
– Radio– Film
• Medicine• Plumbing • Sewage • Soap • Skyscraper• Mass-produced automobiles
– suburbs
• Gasoline-powered tractors– Food