Chapter 27 Lecture - Oak Park Independent · –Anti-Imperialist League: ... • Labor leader...
Transcript of Chapter 27 Lecture - Oak Park Independent · –Anti-Imperialist League: ... • Labor leader...
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Chapter 27
EmpireandExpansion,1890–1909
Presented by:
Mr. Anderson, M.Ed., J.D.
I.AmericaTurnsOutward– Manydevelopmentsfednation'sambitionforoverseasexpansion:• FarmersandfactoryownerslookedbeyondAmericanshoresasagriculturalandindustrialproductionincreased
• ManybelievedAmericahadtoexpandorexplode:– Country bursting fromgrowth inpopulation, wealth, andproductive capacity
• “Yellowpress” describedforeignexploitsasmanlyadventures
• MissionarieslookedoverseasinspiredbyJosiahStrong'sOurCountry:ItsPossibleFutureandItsPresentCrisis
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I.AmericaTurnsOutward(cont.)
• AggressiveAmericansinterpretedDarwinismtomeanearthbelongedtostrongandfit—i.e.,U.S.A.—
– Theodore Roosevelt and HenryCabotLodge– America would have tobecomean imperial power tosurvive inaworld ofaggressive imperial industrial powers
• Developmentofasteelnavyfocusedattentionoverseas:– Supported byCaptain Alfred ThayerMahan's TheInfluence ofSeaPowerupon History, 1660-1783
– Mahan arguedcontrol of seas =key toworld dominance
– America'snew internationalinterestmanifesteditselfinseveralways:
I.AmericaTurnsOutward(cont.)
• BigSisterpolicy:– Pushed bySecretaryofState JamesG.Blaine– Aimed to rally LatinAmerica nations behind U.S.leadership– As well asopenLatin American markets toU.S.exports– Blaine presided over firstPan-American Conference (1889):
» Modest beginnings of important series of inter-Americanassemblages
• CrisesmarkedpathofU.S.diplomacyinlate1880sandearly1890sasU.S.A.becameincreasinglyassertiveabroad:
– American andGerman navies nearlycametoblows in 1889overSamoan Islands inSouth Pacific
– Lynchingofeleven Italians in NewOrleans (1891)broughtAmerica and Italy tobrinkofwar
I.AmericaTurnsOutward(cont.)
– American demands onChile afterdeath oftwo American sailors in1892inport ofValparaiso madehostilities between twocountries seem likely
– Argument between United StatesandCanada over seal hunting nearPribilof Islands, off coastofAlaska
• SeriesofcrisesbetweenUnitedStatesandGreatBritainin1895-1896:
– Border dispute between British Guiana and Venezuela:» Richard Olney, SecretaryofState, became involved, topoint ofalerting USnavalpower
» Cleveland urgedCongress foracommission todrawborder betweenBritish Guiana andVenezuela
» Sober second thoughts onboth sides helped avoidwar– GreatRapprochement—reconc il iation between United StatesandGreatBritain becamecornerstone ofboth nations' foreign policies as1900sdawned
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II.Spurning theHawaiianPear
• Hawaiianearlyattraction forAmericans:– WaystationandprovisioningpointforYankeeshippers,sailors,andwhalers
– In1820earlymissionariesarrivedpreaching:• ProtestantChristianity• Protectivecalico
– Hawaiibecamemajorcenterforsugarproduction– AmericanscametoregardHawaiiasanextensionofU.S.coastlineandwarnedotherpowersaway
II.Spurning theHawaiianPear(cont.)
• McKinley Tariff (1890):• RaisedbarriersagainstHawaiiansugar• WhiteplantersrenewedeffortstosecureU.S.annexationofHawaii
• Blockedbystrong-willedQueenLiliuokalani:– Insisted native Hawaiians should control the islands
• In1893,afewwhites,withopenassistanceofU.S.troops,toppledHawaiiangovernment
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IISpurning theHawaiianPear(cont.)
• TreatyofannexationrushedtoWashington,butstoppedbypresidentialchangeinUnitedStates:
– President Cleveland abruptly withdrew treaty– Commission later determined mostHawaiian nativesopposed annexation
• HawaiianpearcontinuedtoripenuntilUnitedStatesacquireditsoverseasempirein1898(seeMay27.1)
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III.CubansRiseinRevolt
• Cuba's massesroseagainstSpanishoppressors in1895:– Rootsofrevoltpartlyeconomic:
• SugarproductioncrippledbyAmericantariff(1894)thatrestoredhighduties
• Cubansadoptedascorched-earthpolicy:– Insurrectos torched canefields andsugar mills; dynamitedpassenger trains
– Destructive tacticsmenaced American interests on island
III.CubansRiseinRevolt(cont.)
– AmericanssympathizedwithCubanunderdogs:• Americanbusinessinvestmentsof$50millioninCuba• Annualtradeof$100million• Possibilityofmuch-anticipatedPanamaCanal
– FueladdedbyarrivalofSpanishgeneral“Butcher”Weyler:• Heundertooktocrushrebellion:
» Byherding many intobarbed-wire reconcentration camps» Where theycould notgiveassistance toarmed insurrectos» Poor sanitation causednumerous Cuban deaths
III.CubansRiseinRevolt(cont.)
– Atrocitiesredmeatforsensational“yellowjournalism” ofHearstandPulitzer
– Early in1898WashingtonsentbattleshipMainetoCubafor“friendlyvisit”:• ActuallytoprotectandevacuateAmericans
– February 15,1898: Maine mysteriously exploded inHavanaharbor with loss of260sailors
– Two investigations resulted:» Spaniards concluded explosion hadbeen internal andpresumably accidental
» Americans arguedblast caused byamine
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III.CubansRiseinRevolt(cont.)
– U.S.Navyadmiral H.G.Rickover in1976 confirmed originalSpanish findings
• Americansin1898embracedtheirexplanation:– Washington demanded andSpain agreed to:
» An end to reconcentration camps» An armistice with Cuban rebels
• McKinleyinajam:– Didnotwant hostilities, butneither didhewant Spain to remain inpossession ofCuba
– Healsodid notwant afully independent Cuba, overwhichUnited Statescould exercisenocontrol
– “Wobby Willie” recognized inevitable, gave thepeople whattheywanted
III.CubansRiseinRevolt(cont.)
• HealsoacknowledgedAmerica'scommercialandstrategicinterestinCuba:
– OnApril 11,1898, McKinley sent warmessage toCongress– Urgedarmed intervention to freeoppressed Cubans– Legislators responded uproariously with what wasessentially adeclaration ofwar
– Theyalso adopted hand-tying Teller Amendment—» Proviso proclaimed thatwhen U.S.A.hadoverthrownSpanish misrule, itwould giveCubans freedom
» Declaration caused imperialistic Europeans tosmileskeptically
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IV.Dewey'sMayDayVictoryatManila
• American people wenttowarlightheartedly• Declaration ofwar, February25,1898
• Beforedeclaration,whileNavySecretaryJohnLongawayfromoffice,AssistantSecretaryRooseveltacted:
– Cabled Commodore GeorgeDewey todescend upon Spain'sPhilippines ineventofwar
– President McKinley confirmed Roosevelt's instructions– Deweycarried outorders magnificently onMay1,1898 (seeMap27.2)
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IV.Dewey'sMayDayVictoryatManila(cont.)
– OnAugust13,1898,long-awaitedAmericantroopsarrived:• AllowedDeweytocompleteactionsagainstSpanish• AssistedbyEmilioAguinaldoandFilipinoinsurgents• ManilaepisoderenewedU.S.focusonHawaii:
– Joint resolution ofannexation rushed through Congress– Approved byMcKinley on July7,1898
– Granted Hawaiian residents U.S.citizenship– Hawaii received full territorial status in1900
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V.TheConfused InvasionofCuba
• InvasionofCuba:• SpanishgovernmentorderedfleettoCuba• PanicseizedeasternseaboardofUnitedStates• Spanish“armada” landedinSantiagoharbor,Cuba:
– Where itwas blockaded bypowerful American fleet– General William R.Shafter sent toassist
• RoughRiders,partofinvadingarmy,chargedontostageofhistory
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V.TheConfused InvasionofCuba(cont.)
– RoughRiders:• Volunteers,mostlywesterncowboysandotherhardycharacters
• CommandedbyColonelLeonardWood• Organizedmainlybyglory-chasingTheodoreRoosevelt• OnJuly1atElCaneyandKettleHill,ColonelRooseveltandhishorselessRoughRiderscharged
• Shafter'smenhavinglandednearSantiagonowspelleddoomforbadlyoutgunnedSpanishfleet
• AfternavalbattleonJuly3,Spanishsurrendered(seeMap27.3)
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V.TheConfused InvasionofCuba(cont.)
– SpainonAugust12,1898,signedarmistice– IfSpaniardshadheldonalittlelongerinCuba,Americanarmymighthavemeltedaway:• Malaria,typhoidfever,dysentery,andyellowfeverbecamesoseverethathundredsofAmericansincapacitated–“anarmyofconvalescents”
• Othersufferedfromeatingfetidcannedmeat• Alltold,nearlyfourhundredmendiedfromfighting• morethan5,000diedfrombacteriaandothercauses
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VI.America'sCourse(Curse?)ofEmpire
– 1898SpanishandAmericannegotiatorsmetinParis:• CubafreedfromitsSpanishoverlords• AmericanssecuredPacificislandofGuam• SpaincededPuertoRicotoUnitedStatesaspaymentforwarcosts:
– Ironically, last remnantofSpain's NewWorld empire became first territory everannexed toUnited Stateswithout expresspromise ofeventual statehood
– Puerto Rican interactions with U.S.A.(see“Makers ofAmerica: ThePuerto Ricans”)
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VI.America'sCourse (Curse?) ofEmpire(cont.)
– KnottiestofallwaswhattodowithPhilippines:• Containedethnicallydiversepopulationofsevenmillion
• McKinleyfearedFilipinosnotreadyforindependenceandthatanotherimperialpowermighttakeislands
• McKinleyincreasinglythoughtaboutoptionof:» Acquire all thePhilippines» Thenperhaps giveFilipinos freedom later
• ProtestantmissionariessoughttomakeconvertsfromSpanishCatholicism
• WallStreetclamoredforpossibleprofitsinPhilippines
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VI.America'sCourse (Curse?) ofEmpire(cont.)
– McKinleydecidedoutrightannexationofislands:• QuestionofwhattodoaboutManilasinceitwastakenafterarmisticesigned
• DeadlockbrokenbyU.S.A.agreeingtopaySpain$20millionforPhilippineIslands—lastgreatSpanishhaulfromNewWorld
• SigningofpactofParistouchedoffoneofmostimpassionedforeign-policydebatesinAmericanhistory
VI.America'sCourse (Curse?) ofEmpire(cont.)
• Debateabout American national identity?– Unlikeearliercontiguouscontinentalexpansion,
• Philippinesadistanttropicalarea• ThicklypopulatedbyAsiansofadifferentculture,tongue,andgovernmentinstitutions
• Debateoverannexation?– Opponents: would dishonor andultimately destroy America'svenerable commitments toself-determination andanticolonialism
– Proponents: would continue glorious history ofexpansion thathadpushed American civilization toPacificandbeyond
VI.America'sCourse (Curse?) ofEmpire(cont.)
– Anti-Imperialist League:• SprangintobeingtofightMcKinley'sexpansionistmoves:
• IncludedmanyprominentAmericans,incl.presidentsofHarvardandStanford,andMarkTwain
• LaborleaderSamuelGompersandAndrewCarnegie
– Anti-imperialistsraisedmanyobjections:• Filipinosthirstedforfreedom:
– Toannex them would violate “consent of thegoverned”--Declaration of Independence andConstitution
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VI.America'sCourse (Curse?) ofEmpire(cont.)
• Despotismabroadmightbegetdespotismathome• Imperialismcostlyandunlikelytoturnaprofit• WouldpropelUnitedStatesintopoliticalandmilitarycauldronofEastAsia
– Imperialistsrespondedwithappealstopatriotism,“civilizingmission,” andpossibletradeprofits
– Despiteheatedprotests,SenateapprovedParistreatywithjustonevotetospareonFeb.6,1899
– U.S.A.nowofficiallyanempire
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VII.PerplexitiesinPuertoRicoandCuba
• StatusofPuerto Rico anomalous—– Neitherastatenoraterritory– Littleprospectofeventualindependence– ForakerAct(1900)accordedPuertoRicoalimiteddegree ofpopulargovernment
– CongressgrantedU.S.citizenshipin1917,• Withheldfullself-rule
– AnnexationofPuertoRicoposedthornylegalproblem
VII.PerplexitiesinPuertoRicoandCuba(cont.)
– InsularCases(startin1901):• PuertoRicans(andFilipinos)subjecttoAmericanrule,butdidnotenjoyallAmericanrights
– CubaunderU.S.leadershipwroughtmiraclesinmanyareasofCubanlife,esp.publichealth
– UnderTellerAmendment,UnitedStateswithdrew fromCubain1902
– CubansrequiredtoincludePlattAmendmentintotheir1901constitution
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VII.PerplexitiesinPuertoRicoandCuba(cont.)
• Platt Amendment:• ServedMcKinley'sultimatepurposeofbringingCubaunderAmericancontrol:
– “Plattism” survives as term ofderision inmodern-day Cuba
• Cubansforcedtoagree:– Not toconclude treaties thatmight compromise independence– Not to takeon debtbeyond resources (asU.S.A.determined)
– ThatUnited Statesmight intervene with troops to restoreorder when U.S.A.saw fit
– Tosell or lease coaling ornaval stations; ultimately twoandthenonly one (Guantánamo) totheir powerful “benefactor”
VII.PerplexitiesinPuertoRicoCuba(cont.)
– UnitedStatesabrogatedamendmentin1934– UnitedStatesstilloccupies28,000-acreCubanbeachheadatGuantanamounderanagreementthatcanberevokedonlybyconsentofbothparties(seeChap.33)
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VIII.NewHorizonsinTwoHemispheres
– Spanish-AmericanWarkindofcolossalcoming-outparty:• Warshort(113days)andcasualtieslow• WarsosuccessfulthatSecretaryofStateJohnHaycalledita“splendidlittlewar”
• Americanprestigerosesharply:– Europeans grudgingly accorded Republic more respect
• Britain,France,RussiaandothergreatpowersupgradedlegationsinWashington,D.C.
VIII.NewHorizonsinTwoHemispheres (cont.)
• ExhilaratingnewmartialspiritthrilledAmerica• JohnPhilipSousa,popularmilitarymarchingbandmusic
• MostAmericansdidnotstartwarwithconsciouslyimperialisticmotives
• SecretaryofWarElihuRootestablishedgeneralstaffforarmyandfoundedWarCollegeinWashington
• Oneofmost beneficial results wasfurtherclosing of“bloody chasm” between NorthandSouth
VIII.NewHorizonsinTwoHemispheres (cont.)
• Newlyimperial nation notyetprepared topayfull billfornew status
• BytakingPhilippines, United Statesbecame afull-fledged FarEasternpower:– Distantislandslaterbecamea“heelofAchilles,”indefensiblehostagetoJapan'sexpansion
• Americans assumedcommitments theyprovedunwilling todefendwith appropriate navalandmilitary outlays
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IX.“LittleBrownBrothers”inthePhilippines
– DisappointedFilipinos:• AssumedwouldbegrantedfreedomafterSpanish-AmericanWar
• HoweverU.S.A.:– Excluded Filipinos frompeacenegotiations with Spain– Made clear its intention tostay inPhilippines indefinitely
• BitternesstowardAmericantroopseruptedonFebruary4,1899,underEmilioAguinaldo
• UnitedStatesdeployed126,000troops10,000milesawaytofightnativesusingguerrillatacticsinjungle
• NowFilipinosviewedasdangerousenemy
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IX.“LittleBrownBrothers” inthePhilippines (cont.)
– Shiftcontributedtomounting“racewar”:• Bothsidesperpetratedatrocities:
– “Water cure” forcedwaterdown victims throats until theyyielded information or died
– Americans built reconcentration camps– Americans brokebackofFilipino insurrection in 1901withcaptureofAguinaldo
• Brutalwarclaimed4,234Americandeadandasmanyas600,000Filipinos
– WilliamTaftbecamegovernorin1901:helatercalledFilipinoshis“littlebrownbrothers”
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IX.“LittleBrownBrothers” inthePhilippines (cont.)
– McKinley's“benevolentassimilation” proceededslowly:• Washingtonspentmillionstoimprovethecountry,butitwasill-received
• FilipinoshatedcompulsoryAmericanizationandpinedforliberty
• FinallygrantedfreedomonFourthofJuly,1946andmanymigratedtoU.S.A.(see“MakersofAmerica:TheFilipinos”)
X.HingingtheOpenDoorinChina
• AfterChina's defeatbyJapanin1894-1895– ImperialisticEuropeanpowers—RussiaandGermany—movedin
– GrowinggroupofAmericansviewedvivisectionofChinawithalarm:• Churchesworriedaboutmissionarystrongholds• MerchantsfearedEuropeanswouldmonopolizeChina'smarkets
• ThereweredemandsthatWashingtondosomething:– SecretaryofStateJohn Haydecided onadramaticmove
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X.HingingtheOpenDoorinChina (cont.)
– OpenDoornote:dispatchedbyHayin1899toallgreatpowers• Urgedthemtoannouncethatintheirleaseholdsorspheresofinfluence,theywouldrespect:
– Certain Chinese rights– Idealof fair trade
– Hayhadnot bothered toconsult Chinese
• PhraseOpenDoor– Quickly caughtAmerican public's fancy– Caused muchsquirming in leading capitals ofworld:
» Though allgreatpowers saveRussia, with its designs onManchuria, eventually agreed to it
X.HingingtheOpenDoorinChina(cont.)
• PatrioticChinesedidnotcaretobeusedasadoormatbyWesternpowers
– In1900 agroup, the“Boxers,” broke loose with cry“Kill ForeignDevils” inBoxer Rebellion:
» Murdered more than200 foreigners and1,000s ofChineseChristians
» Besieged foreign diplomatic community in capitalBeijing (Peking)» Multinational rescue forceof18,000 soldiers arrived andquelledrebellion
» Included several thousand American troops dispatched fromPhilippines toprotectU.S.rights under 1844TreatyofWanghia(seeChap. 18)and tokeepOpen Doorpropped open
X.HingingtheOpenDoorinChina(cont.)
– ResultsofBoxerRebellion:• Chineseassessedanindemnityof$333million:
– American share was $24.5million– Since thatwas more thannecessary, U.S.A.remitted $18million foreducation ofChinese students inU.S.A.
– Initiative to further westernization ofAsia
• SecretaryHayreleasedanothersetofnotesin1900:– Henceforth OpenDoor would embrace territorial integrity ofChina, inaddition tocommercial integrity
– Incorporated into Nine-Power Treatyof1922; later violated byJapan's takeoverofManchuria in1931 (see Chap.31)
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XI.ImperialismorBryanismin1900?
– McKinleyrenominatedbyRepublicansin1900because:• Wonwarandacquiredrichrealestate• Safeguardedgoldstandard• Broughtpromisedprosperity• Theodore(“Teddy”)Roosevelt(TR)selectedasvicepresidentialcandidate
– WilliamJenningsBryanodds-onchoiceofDemocrats,meetinginKansasCity:• PlatformproclaimedparamountissueasRepublicanoverseasimperialism
XI.ImperialismorBryanismin1900?
– Campaign:• McKinleyagaincampaignedsafelyfromfrontporch• Brianagaintooktostumpincycloniccampaign• Rooseveltout-BryanedBryan,touringcountrywithrevolver-shootingcowboys:
– Hedenounced all dastards who would haul down Old Glory
– Electionresults:– McKinley triumphed bymuchwider margin than1896: 7,218,491 to6,356,734 popular votes
– 292 to155electoral votes
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XI.ImperialismorBryanismin1900?(cont.)
– VictoryforRepublicans:• Notamandatefororagainstimperialism• Iftherewasamandate,itwasfortwoPs:
– Prosperity andprotectionism
• NewYorkbosseslookedforwardtowatchingnettlesomeRoosevelt“taketheveil”asvicepresident
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XII.TR:BrandisheroftheBigStick
– McKinleymurderedinSeptember1901byderangedanarchistinBuffalo,N.Y.
– Rooseveltassumedpresidencyatage42,youngestpresidentthusfar:• RoughRiderwithhigh-voltageenergy• Preachedvirilevirtues• Denouncedpacifistic“flubdubs” and“mollycoddles”• Ardentchampionofmilitaryandnavalpreparedness• Petproverb,“Speaksoftlyandcarryabigstick,[and]youwillgofar”
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XII.TR:BrandisheroftheBigStick(cont.)
– Lovedpeopleandmingledwithallranks:• FromCatholiccardinalstoprofessionalprizefighters
– “TR” commandedidolatrouspersonalfollowing– Believedpresidentshouldleadboldly– Hadnorealrespectfordelicatechecksandbalancesamongthreebranchesofgovernment
– President,hefelt,maytakeanyactioningeneralinterestnotspecificallyforbiddenbyConstitution
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XIII.BuildingthePanamaCanal
– Rooseveltappliedhisenergytoforeignaffairs:• Spanish-AmericanwarreinvigoratedinterestinacanalacrossCentralAmericanisthmus
• BattleshipOregon,stationedonPacificCoast,tookweekstosteamaroundSouthAmericatojoinU.S.fleetinCubanwaters
• AcanalwouldmakeiteasiertodefendPuertoRico,Hawaii,andPhilippines
• AlsofacilitateoperationsofU.S.merchantmarine• Initialobstacleslegalratherthangeographical:
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XIII.BuildingthePanamaCanal(cont.)
– Under Clayton-Bulwer Treatywith Britain in1850, U.S.A.could not secure exclusivecontrol over isthmian route
– Focused on rising Germany, Britain yielded toU.S.A.– Consented toHay-Pauncefote Treaty (1901):
» GaveUnited States freehand tobuild acanal» Conceded right to fortify itaswell
• Whereshouldcanalbebuilt?– American experts favored route acrossNicaragua– Agents ofold FrenchCanal Companyeager tosalvage costlyfailure atS-shaped Panama
– Philippe Bunau-Varilla ofNew PanamaCompany droppedprice from$109 million to$40million
– Congress (1902)decided onPanama route
XIII.BuildingthePanamaCanal(cont.)
– Columbiarejectedofferof$10millionandannualpaymentof$250,000forzoneacrossPanama
– Rooseveltrailedagainstthosewhofrustratedhisambitions
– ImpatientPanamaniansripeforanotherrevolt:• Countedonprosperitytofollowconstructionofcanal• FearedUnitedStateswouldturntoNicaraguanroute
XIII.BuildingthePanamaCanal(cont.)
• Bunau-Varilladisturbedbyprospectoflosingcompany's$40million
• SohehelpedincitearebelliononNovember3,1903• U.S.navalforcesthenpreventedColombiantroopsfromcrossingisthmustoquelluprising
• RooseveltmovedrapidlytomakePanamaavirtualoutpostofUnitedStates
– Threedays afterinsurrection, heextended recognition
– Fifteen days laterBunau-Varilla signed Hay-Bunau-VarillaTreaty inWashington
» Priceofcanal left same» Zonewidened fromsix to tenmiles
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XIII.BuildingthePanamaCanal(cont.)
– Frenchcompanypocketed $40million fromU.S.Treasury
• TRdidnotactivelyplottotearPanamafromColumbia:– Conspirators knew ofhis angrily expressed views– Counted on himtousebig stick tohold Columbia atbay
– His involvement did leave impression hehadbeenparty tointrigue
– Thus so-called rapeofPanama markeduglydownward lurchinU.S.relations with LatinAmerica
XIII.BuildingthePanamaCanal(cont.)
• Constructionbeganin1901:– Daunting difficulties from labor troubles to landslides tolethaltropical diseases
– Colonel William C.Gorgas:» Quiet anddetermined exterminator ofyellow feverinHavana
» Ultimately made CanalZone “assafeasahealth resort”– Atcostof$400million, autocratic WestPoint engineer, ColonelGeorgeWashington Goethals, ultimately brought project tocompletion in1914, just asWorld War I started
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XIV.TR'sPerversionofMonroe'sDoctrine
– LatinAmericandebtdefaultspromptedRoosevelttogetinvolved:• VenezuelaandDominicanRepublicchronicallyinarrearstoEuropeancreditors
• GermanybombardeddelinquentVenezuelain1903• RooseveltfearedGermansorBritishmightremaininLatinAmerica,inviolationofMonroeDoctrine
• RooseveltCorollarytoMonroeDoctrine:brazenpolicyof“preventiveintervention”
XIV.TR'sPerversionofMonroe'sDoctrine(cont.)
• AnnouncedthatineventoffinancialtroublesinLatinAmerica,U.S.A.would:
– Takeovercustomhouses– Payoffdebts– KeepEuropeans onother side ofAtlantic
• NooutsiderscouldpusharoundLatinAmericans,exceptUncleSam,PolicemanofCaribbean
– Becameeffective in1905 when U.S.A.tookover tariffcollection inDominican Republic
• TR'srewritingofMonroeDoctrinedidmoretopromote“BadNeighbor” policy:
XIV.TR'sPerversionofMonroe'sDoctrine(cont.)
• Usedtojustifywholesaleinterventionsandrepeatedlandingsofmarines
– Turned Caribbean intoa“Yankee lake”
• ToLatinAmericans,itseemedlikeacloakbehindwhichU.S.soughttostranglethem
• ShadowofbigstickfellonCubain1906:– Revolutionary disorders brought appeal fromCubanpresident; U.S.Marines landed, tobewithdrawn in 1909
– SeenbyLatinAmericans ascreeping power ofColossus ofNorth
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XV.RooseveltontheWorld Stage
• Roosevelt chargedinto international affairs:– OutbreakofwarbetweenRussiaandJapan(1904):• Russiawantedaccesstoice-freeportsofChina'sManchuria,particularlyPortArthur
• ToJapan,ManchuriaandKoreaintsaristhandswerepistolspointedatJapan'sstrategicheart
• Japaneserespondedin1904withdevastatingsurprisepounceonRussianfleetatPortArthur
• AdministeredhumiliatingseriesofbeatingstoineptRussians
XV.RooseveltontheWorld Stage(cont.)
• FirstseriousmilitarysetbacktoamajorEuropeanpowerbyanon-EuropeanforcesinceTurkishinvasionsof1500s
• TokyosecretlysoughtU.S.helptosponsorpeacenegotiations
• Roosevelthappytooblige:– AtPortsmouth, NewHampshire, 1906, TRguided warring partiestosettlement that satisfied neither side and left Japanese, whofelt theywon war, resentful:
» Japan forced todrop itsdemands foracash indemnity andRussian evacuation ofSakhalin Island
• TRreceivedNobelPeacePrize(1906)forhisnegotiationsbetweenRussiaandJapan
XV.RooseveltontheWorld Stage(cont.)
• PriceofhisdiplomaticgloryhighforU.S.foreignrelations
• U.S.relationswithRussiasouredwhentheyaccusedTRofrobbingthemofmilitaryvictory
– Revelations of savagemassacres ofRussian Jews furtherpoisoned American feelings against Russia
• Japanfeltcheatedoutofitsduecompensation• Bothnewlypowerful,JapanandAmericabecamerivalsinAsia,asfearandjealousybetweenthemgrew(seeThinkingGloballysection)
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XVI.JapaneseLaborersinCalifornia
– PacificCoastfelteffectsofRusso-JapaneseWar:• JapaneseimmigrantspouredintoCalifornia• Only3%ofstate'spopulation,whiteCaliforniansstillrantedaboutnew“yellowperil”
• Showdowncamein1906:– SanFrancisco's school boardordered segregation ofChinese,Japanese, andKorean students in special school to freemorespace forwhites
– Started international crisis as Japan regarded action as insult– War talk sizzled onbothsides ofPacific
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XVI.JapaneseLaborersinCalifornia (cont.)
• RooseveltinvitedmayorandboardofeducationtoWhiteHouseandeventuallybrokereddeal:
– Californians repealed school order– Tokyoagreed tostop flow of laborers toAmerican mainland bywithholding passports
– Becameknown as“Gentlemen's Agreement” (1907-1908)
• TRdidnotwantJapantothinkU.S.A.fearedJapan• Roosevelt'sdramaticschemetosendentirebattleshipfleetonhighlyvisiblevoyagearoundworld:
– Latein 1907, sixteen sparkling-white, smoke-belching battleshipsstarted fromVirginia
– Commander declared hewas ready for“a feast,a frolic, ora fight”
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XVI.JapaneseLaborersinCalifornia (cont.)
– GreatWhite Fleet received tumultuous welcomes inLatinAmerica, Hawaii, NewZealand, andAustralia
– Overwhelming reception in Japanhigh point of trip» Tens of thousands of schoolchildren, waving tinyAmerican flags, sang “TheStar-Spangled Banner”
– U.S.A.signed Root-Takahira agreement with Japan in1908:» Pledged both powers to respect eachother's territorialpossessions inPacific
» And touphold Open Door in China– Formoment, two powers found ameans topeace
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