Chapter 26 Chapter 26

Review and DiscussionReview and Discussion

What is this cartoon saying?

Why Were They Successful?

Europeans hadEuropeans had strong economiesstrong economies well-organized governmentswell-organized governments powerful armies and navies powerful armies and navies Europeans had superior technology Europeans had superior technology

and medical knowledge. and medical knowledge.

Social DarwinismSocial Darwinism

““survival of the fittest” survival of the fittest” Social Darwinists Social Darwinists

believed believed Europeans were the Europeans were the

fittest people and had fittest people and had obligation to spread obligation to spread western culture, western culture, politics and their politics and their religionreligion

ImperialismImperialismThe Causes: The Causes: 1. Industrial Revolution 1. Industrial Revolution 2. Social Darwinism 2. Social Darwinism 3. Missionary Zeal 3. Missionary Zeal 4. Ethnocentrism 4. Ethnocentrism 5. Nationalism 5. Nationalism 6.Naval Refueling Bases6.Naval Refueling Bases

African ResistanceAfrican Resistance The Zulus in southern

Africa Built the most powerful Built the most powerful

and most feared fighters and most feared fighters in southern Africa in southern Africa

Ethiopia King Menelik II

modernized his country.

preserve its independence.

What was the nature of European contact with What was the nature of European contact with North Africa between 1800 and 1870?North Africa between 1800 and 1870?

EgyptEgypt Napoleon’s occupation causedNapoleon’s occupation caused Egypt to modernize to meet future European threats. Egypt to modernize to meet future European threats. However, over-reliance on cotton exports and too However, over-reliance on cotton exports and too

rapid expansion of industry created an Egyptian state rapid expansion of industry created an Egyptian state indebted to and partly controlled by the British. indebted to and partly controlled by the British.

Algeria Algeria was initially friendly with France and supplied was initially friendly with France and supplied

Napoleon with grain for his Egyptian invasion in 1798. Napoleon with grain for his Egyptian invasion in 1798. French failure to accede to Algerian demands for French failure to accede to Algerian demands for

repayment resulted in the French invasion in 1830 and repayment resulted in the French invasion in 1830 and the occupation of Algeria was completed by 1848.the occupation of Algeria was completed by 1848.

Reaction to the end of the Slave tradeReaction to the end of the Slave trade British and the Americans British and the Americans

were among the first to prevent their citizens from were among the first to prevent their citizens from engaging in the importation of slavesengaging in the importation of slaves

Slave revolts and humanitarian reforms led to the end Slave revolts and humanitarian reforms led to the end of the slave trade of the slave trade

Spanish and PortugalSpanish and Portugal continued the flow of Africans to the Americas. continued the flow of Africans to the Americas.

AfricaAfrica Suppression began in 1808 and continued until the Suppression began in 1808 and continued until the

trade finally ended in 1867. trade finally ended in 1867. West Africans West Africans

substituted numerous “legitimate” exports to replace substituted numerous “legitimate” exports to replace slaves, particularly palm oil (most successful export), slaves, particularly palm oil (most successful export), gold, and ivory. gold, and ivory.

Eastern slave tradeEastern slave tradeEastern slave tradeEastern slave trade

Slavery still profitable in Africa and Slavery still profitable in Africa and strengthened African states.strengthened African states.African slaves were sold through the well-African slaves were sold through the well-

established North African and Middle Eastern trade established North African and Middle Eastern trade Slavery within eastern Africa also remained Slavery within eastern Africa also remained

significant, with 700,000 slaves working on clove significant, with 700,000 slaves working on clove plantations. plantations.

Britain’s “sphere of Britain’s “sphere of influence”influence”

“Sun Never Sets on the British Empire”

Imperialism in India to 1858Imperialism in India to 1858

British East India CompanyBritish East India Company1608-18581608-1858

Control trade and government Control trade and government by forming alliances with Indian rulers or by asserting by forming alliances with Indian rulers or by asserting

direct control with military force. direct control with military force. SepoysSepoys Controlled India’s foreign trade using an Controlled India’s foreign trade using an

army of sepoys (Indians trained by the army of sepoys (Indians trained by the British soldiers) British soldiers)

Transformed the economy Transformed the economy by exporting agricultural production and decreasing by exporting agricultural production and decreasing

industrial output: industrial output: silk, cotton, sugarsilk, cotton, sugar Social changesSocial changes supported and created new customs and supported and created new customs and

“traditions,” which were meant to maintain the “traditions,” which were meant to maintain the social and political hierarchies and thus social and political hierarchies and thus consolidated British power. consolidated British power.

The Sepoy RebellionCausesThe British East India Company: required sepoys to serve anywhere, including

overseas, which violated Hindu religious law Ordered the sepoys to bite off cartridges made of

animal fat when loading their rifles, which violated both Hindu and Muslim religious law

Effects Led to a massacre of the British The British took terrible revenge, slaughtering

thousands of unarmed Indians. 1858 British Empire steps in to control situation 1858 British Empire steps in to control situation

and set up colonial government and set up colonial government

Method Used to Method Used to Put Down Sepoy Put Down Sepoy

RebellionRebellion

Medals Awarded British Soldiers

Indian Bodies Left to RotIndian Bodies Left to RotThe British BuriedThe British Buried

British Colonial RuleBritish Colonial Rule

Positives:Positives:The British government The British government

invested heavily in public invested heavily in public projectsprojects

Steamboats, telegraphs, Steamboats, telegraphs, and railroads expanded at and railroads expanded at rapid rates, and the rapid rates, and the economy boomed. economy boomed.

Negative Impact of British RuleNegative Impact of British Rule Destroyed ancient traditions Destroyed ancient traditions The elite Indian Civil Service The elite Indian Civil Service

(mostly educated British (mostly educated British administrators) controlled administrators) controlled government administration government administration and the judiciary. and the judiciary.

Little chance for social Little chance for social mobilitymobility

Indian Indian NationalismNationalism

In 1885, nationalist In 1885, nationalist leaders organized the leaders organized the Indian National Congress. Indian National Congress.

By the Indian National By the Indian National Congress was seen as Congress was seen as primarily for the Hindu of primarily for the Hindu of the noble and middle the noble and middle classes. classes. Resented by the Muslim Resented by the Muslim

and peasant groups and peasant groups It becomes very effective when It becomes very effective when Mohandas Gandhi becomes is Mohandas Gandhi becomes is leader in 1921.leader in 1921.

Why was Australia and New Zealand different from other Why was Australia and New Zealand different from other overseas empire?overseas empire?

Australia and New Zealand Australia and New Zealand intended as areas of European settlement. intended as areas of European settlement. resembled the former British colonies in North resembled the former British colonies in North

America (Exp: Displacing the indigenous America (Exp: Displacing the indigenous people) people)

allowed more political freedom and allowed more political freedom and independence than colonies in Africa or India.independence than colonies in Africa or India.

In granting Australia and New Zealand more In granting Australia and New Zealand more autonomy, Britain hoped to retain the loyalty of autonomy, Britain hoped to retain the loyalty of these settlers.these settlers.

Britain’s labor shortage Britain’s labor shortage

Need for laborNeed for labor Many emancipated workers refused to return to the plantations. Many emancipated workers refused to return to the plantations.

Indentured servantsIndentured servants Many Africans, Chinese, Indians, and Pacific Islanders were Many Africans, Chinese, Indians, and Pacific Islanders were

recruited and signed contracts ranging from five to seven yearsrecruited and signed contracts ranging from five to seven years They came in the hopes of bettering their economic and social They came in the hopes of bettering their economic and social

statusstatus Some Africans who were recruited for work on plantations had Some Africans who were recruited for work on plantations had

been rescued from slave ships been rescued from slave ships Most indentured laborers came from India Most indentured laborers came from India Crucial to the movement of such large numbers of workers was Crucial to the movement of such large numbers of workers was

the development of larger and faster ships.the development of larger and faster ships.