Chapter 25 Control of Body Temperature and Water Balance ن و ر … · 2017-09-11 · 25.4...

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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. PowerPoint Lectures for Biology: Concepts & Connections, Sixth Edition Campbell, Reece, Taylor, Simon, and Dickey Chapter 25 ا ب ا س و ا ر و نControl of Body Temperature and Water Balance ا م د ر ر ا ر ة ا م و ا ز ا ن اLecture by Richard L. Myers Translated by Nabih A. Baeshen

Transcript of Chapter 25 Control of Body Temperature and Water Balance ن و ر … · 2017-09-11 · 25.4...

Page 1: Chapter 25 Control of Body Temperature and Water Balance ن و ر … · 2017-09-11 · 25.4 Animals balance the gain and loss of water and solutes through osmoregulation ي ز و

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

PowerPoint Lectures forBiology: Concepts & Connections, Sixth EditionCampbell, Reece, Taylor, Simon, and Dickey

Chapter 25 نورشعلاو سماخلا بابلا

Control of Body Temperature and Water Balance

يئاملا نازتالا و مسجلا ةرارح ةجرد يف مكحتلا

Lecture by Richard L. MyersTranslated by Nabih A. Baeshen

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§ Homeostasis يویحلا نازتالا – Maintenance of steady internal conditions despite fluctuations in the

external environment ةیجراخلا ةئیبلا يف تابلقتلا نم مغرلاب ةرقتسم ةیلخاد لاوحأو فورظ ىلع ظافحلا ىلع ةردقلا–

§ Examples of homeostasis يویحلا نازتالا ىلع ةلثما – Thermoregulation—the maintenance of internal temperature

within narrow limitsةقیض دودح نمض ةیلخادلا ةرارحلا ةجرد ىلع ظافحلا ىلع ةردقلا – يرارحلا میظنتلا–

– Osmoregulation—the control of the gain and loss of water and solutes

ةبئاذلا داوملا و ءاملا نادقفو باستكاب مكحتلا ىلع ةردقلا وھ و – يزومسالا میظنتلا–– Excretion—the disposal of nitrogen-containing wastes

نیجورتنلا ىلع ةیوتحملا تافلخملا نم صلختلا ةیلمع وھ و – جارخالا–Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Introduction: Chilling Out دیربتلا : ةمدقم

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THERMOREGULATION

يرارحلا میظنتلا

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§ Thermoregulation يرارحلا میظنتلا – The process by which animals maintain an internal temperature within

a tolerable rangeھلمحت نكمی ىدم نمض ةیلخادلا مسجلا ةرارح ةجرد ىلع ةظفاحملا ناویحلل اھب نكمی يتلا ةیلمعلا–

§ Ectothermic animals ةرارحلا ةیجراخ تاناویحلا – Absorb heat from their surroundings

ةطیحملا ةئیبلا نم ةرارحلا صتمت–– Many fish, most amphibians, lizards, most invertebrates

تایراقفاللا مظعمو ,يلاحسلا ,تایئامربلا مظعم ,كامسالا نم دیدعلا–§ Endothermic animals ةرارحلا ةیلخاد تاناویحلا

– Derive body heat mainly from their metabolism ضیالا ةیلمع نم ةیسیئر ةفصب مسجلا ةرارح دمتسی–

– Birds, mammals, a few reptiles and fish, many insects تارشحلا نم دیدعلا , كامسالا و فحاوزلا نم لیلقلا , تاییدثلا , رویطلا–

25.1 An animal’s regulation of body temperature helps maintain homeostasis

يویحلا نازتالا ىلع ظافحلا ىلع دعاسی ھمسج ةرارح ةجردل ناویحلا میظنت

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§ Heat exchange with the environment may occur by

لالخ نم ةطیحملا ةئیبلا عم ةرارحلا لدابت لصحی دق–

– Conduction لیصوتلا

– Convection يرارحلا لمحلا

– Radiation عاعشالا

– Evaporation ریخبتلا

25.2 Heat is gained or lost in four ways قرط عبرأب ةرارحلا نادقف وا باستكا متی

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Convection يرارحلا لمحلا

Conduction لیصوتلا

Evaporation ریخبتلا

Radiation عاعشالا

Mechanisms of heat exchange

ةرارحلا لدابت تایلا

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25.3 Thermoregulation involves adaptations that balance heat gain and loss

نادقفو باستكا نیب نازتالا ىلع لمعت يتلا تافیكتلا يرارحلا میظنتلا نمضتی ةرارحلا

§ Five general categories of adaptations promote thermoregulation

يرارحلا میظنتلا ىلع عجشت يتلا تافیكتلا نم ةماع تائف ةسمخ كانھ§1-Increased metabolic heat production

ةیضیالا ةرارحلا جاتنا ةدایز -1 – Hormonal changes boost metabolic rate in birds and mammals

تاییدثلا و رویطلا يف ضیالا لدعم عفر ىلع ةینومرھلا تاریغتلا لمعت -– Shivering - فاجترالا

– Increased physical activity - ةیدسجلا ةطشنالا ةدایز

– Honeybees cluster and shiver - فاجترالا و لسعلا لحن محازت

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2- Insulation لزعلا – Hair رعشلا– Feathers شیرلا – Fat layers ةینھدلا تاقبطلا

3- Circulatory adaptations ةیومدلا ةرودلاب ةصاخلا تافیكتلا – Increased or decreased blood flow to skin

دلجلا ىلا مدلا قفدت ضافخنا وا ةدایز–– Large ears in elephants

ةلیفلا يف ةریبكلا ناذالا–– Countercurrent heat exchange

سكاعملا رایتلا ةرارح لدابت–

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25.3 Thermoregulation involves adaptations that balance heat gain and loss

ةرارحلا نادقفو باستكا نیب نازتالا ىلع لمعت يتلا تافیكتلا يرارحلا میظنتلا نمضتی

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4- Evaporative cooling رخبتلاب دیربتلا – Sweating قرعتلا – Panting ثھللا

5- Behavioral responses ةیكولسلا تاباجتسالا – Used by endotherms and ectotherms

ةرارحلا ةیجراخ و ةرارحلا ةیلخاد تاناویحلا لبق نم مدختستو–– Examples ةلثما:

– Moving to the sun or shade لظلا وا سمشلا وحن لاقتنالا– Migrating ةرجھلا – Bathing ةحابسلا

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25.3 Thermoregulation involves adaptations that balance heat gain and loss

ةرارحلا نادقفو باستكا نیب نازتالا ىلع لمعت يتلا تافیكتلا يرارحلا میظنتلا نمضتی

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OSMOREGULATION AND EXCRETION

جارخإلاو يزومسالا میظنتلا

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25.4 Animals balance the gain and loss of water and solutes through osmoregulation

يزومسالا میظنتلا لالخ نم ةبئاذلا داوملا و ءاملا نادقفو باستكا نیب نازتالا ىلع تاناویحلا لمعت

§ Osmoconformers يزومسالا قفاوتلا تاذ تانئاكلا – Have the same internal solute concentration as seawater

رحبلا هایمك ةیلخادلا ةبئاذلا داوملا زیكرت سفن كلتمت–– Many marine invertebrates are osmoconformers

يزومسا قفاوت تاذ تانئاك ةیرحبلا تایراقفاللا نم دیدعلا ربتعت–

§ Osmoregulators control their solute concentrationsةباذملا اھداوم زیكارت يف مكحتلا ىلع ةردقلا اھل يزومسالا میظنتلا تاذ تانئاكلا§

§ Freshwater fishes ةبذعلا هایملا كامسا – Gain water by osmosis ةیزومسالا ةیصاخلاب ءاملا بستكت – Excrete excess water ضئافلا ءاملا جرخت – Pump salt across their gills میشایخلا ربع حلملا خضت

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Osmotic water gain through gillsand other parts of body surface

Uptake ofsalt by

gills

Uptake ofsome ions

in food

Excretion oflarge amounts of

water in diluteurine from kidneys

Osmoregulation in a perch, a freshwater fish بذعلا هایملا روعش كمس يف يزومسالا میظنتلا

میشایخلا لالخ نم ایزومسا ءاملا باستكا مسجلا حطسل ىرخالا ءازجالا و

ضعب صاصتما تانویالا ءاذغلا يف

تایمك جارخا ءاملا نم ةریبك ففخملا لوبلا يف

ىلكلا نم

صاصتما نع حلملا

میشایخلا قیرط

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§ Saltwater fish ةحلاملا هایملا كامسا – Lose water by osmosis ایزومسا ءاملا نادقف

– Drink seawater ةحلاملا هایملا برش

– Pump out excess salt جراخلا ىلا ضئافلا حلملا خض§ Land animals ةسبایلا تاناویح

– Gain water by drinking and eating لكالا و برشلا لالخ نم ءاملا باستكا – Lose water by evaporation and waste disposal

تافلخملا حرط و رخبتلا لالخ نم ءاملا نادقف– Conserve water using ةمدختسم ءاملاب ظفتحت

– Kidneys ىلكلا – Behavior adaptations ةیكولسلا تافیكتلا – Waterproof skin ءاملل لزاعلا دلجلا

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25.4 Animals balance the gain and loss of water and solutes through osmoregulation

لالخ نم ةبئاذلا داوملا و ءاملا نادقفو باستكا نیب نازتالا ىلع تاناویحلا لمعت يزومسالا میظنتلا

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Osmotic water loss through gills and other parts of body surface

Excretion of Salt from gills

Gain of water andsalt from food

and by drinkingseawater

Excretion of excessions and small

amounts of water in scanty urine from kidneys

Osmoregulation in a cod, a saltwater fishةحلاملا هایملا كامسا نم ،دقلا كمس يف يزومسالا میظنتلا

ةدئازلا تانویالا جارخا ةریغص تایمك و لوبلا يف هایملا نم حلملا جارخا ىلكلا نم لیئضلا

میشایخلا نم

میشایخلا لالخ نم ایزومسا ءاملا نادقف مسجلا حطس نم ىرخا ءازجا و

ءاملا باستكا نم حلملا و

لالخ نمو ءاذغلا رحبلا هایم برش

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25.5 EVOLUTION CONNECTION: A variety of ways to dispose of nitrogenous wastes have evolved in animals

ناویحلا مسج جراخ ةینیجورتنلا تافلخملا اھب حرطت يتلا قرطلا نم دیدعلا كانھ : ةیروطت ةطبار§ Nitrogenous wastes are toxic breakdown products of protein

نیتوربلا لیلحتل ةماس جتاون ةینیجورتنلا تافلخملا ربتعت§§ Animals dispose of nitrogenous wastes such as

لثم ةینیجورتنلا تافلخملا نم تاناویحلا صلختت§1-Ammonia (NH3) رداشنلا زاغ( اینوما )

Poisonous ةماس Soluble in water ءاملا يف نابوذلا Easily disposed of by aquatic animals ةلوھسب ةیئاملا تاناویحلا اھنم صلختت

2- Urea انیلوبلا Less toxic ةیمس لقا Easier to store نیزختلا ةلھس Some land animals save water by excreting uric acid (dry waste)

فاج فلخم ةقیقحلا يف وھو يلوبلا ضماحلا جارخا قیرط نع ءاملاب ظفتحت ةسبایلا تاناویح ضعب

3- Urea and uric acid take energy to produceةقاط لذب يلوبلا ضماحلاو انیلوبلا جاتنا بلطتی

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Nitrogenous bases

—NH2Amino groups

نیمالا ةعومجم

Amino acids

Uric acid

Birds and many otherreptiles, insects, landsnails

Nucleic acidsProteins

Ammonia Urea

Mammals, amphibians,sharks, some bonyfishes

Most aquatic animals,including most fishes

Nitrogen-containing metabolic

waste products

ةیضیالا تافلخملا ىلع ةیوتحملا

نیجورتنلا

ةیوون ضامحا ةینیجورتن دعاوق ةینیما ضامحا تانیتوربلا

ةیئاملا تاناویحلا مظعم شورقلا , تایئامربلا , تایدثلا كامسالا مظعم اھیف امب

ةیمظعلا كامسالا ضعبو

نم دیدعلا و رویطلا تارشحلا, ىرخالا فحاوزلا

ةسبایلا تانوزلحو

اینومالا انیلوبلا يلوبلا ضماحلا

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25.6 The urinary system plays several major roles in homeostasis يویحلا نازتالا ةیلمع يف ةیسیئر راودا ةدع يلوبلا زاھجلا بعلی

§ The excretory system يجارخالا زاھجلا – Expels wastes تافلخملا درطی – Regulates water balance يئاملا نازتالا مظنی – Regulates ion balance ينویالا نازتالا مظنی

§ Nephrons )تانورفنلا( ةیلوبلا تادحولا – Functional units of the kidneys ىلكلل ةیفیظولا تادحولا – Extract a filtrate from the blood مدلا نم ةحشارلا داوملا صالختسا – Refine the filtrate to produce urine لوبلا جاتنإل ةحشارلا داوملا ةیقنت

§ Urine لوبلا – Ureters drain the kidneys نیتیلكلا نابلاحلا غرفی – Stored in the urinary bladder ةیلوبلا ةناثملا يف نزخی – Expelled through the urethra يلوبلا ىرجملا لالخ نم حرطی

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Aorta

Inferiorvena cava

Renal artery and vein

Urinary bladder

KidneyUreter ةیلكلا

Urethra

ىطروالا

فوجالا دیرولا يلفسلا

يولكلا دیرولا و نایرشلا

بلاحلا

يلوبلا ىرجملا ةیلوبلا ةناثملا

Anatomy of the human excretory systemناسنالا يف يجارخالا زاھجلا حیرشت

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Renal pelvis ةیلكلا ضوح

Ureter بلاحلا

Renal cortex ةیلكلا ةرشق

Renal medulla ةیلكلا عاخن

( )ةیلكلا يف يلوط عاطق ناسنالا يف يجارخالا زاھجلا حیرشت

Anatomy of the human excretory system (L.Sec. Kidney)

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Renal cortex ةیلكلا ةرشق

Bowman’sCapsule

ناموب ةظفحم

To renalPelvis

ضوح ىلا ةیلكلا

CollectingDuct

ةعماج ةبوبنا

Renal artery يولكلا نایرشلا

Renal vein يولكلا دیرولا

Tubule ةبیبینا

Renal medulla ةیلكلا عاخن

Anatomy of the human excretory system C.Sec. Kidney )ةیلكلا يف يضرع عاطق( ناسنالا يف يجارخالا زاھجلا حیرشت

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Bowman’scapsule

Arteriolefrom renalartery

Arteriolefromglomerulus

Glomerulus ةبكلا

DistalTubule

ةدیعب ةبیبینا

Proximal tubule ةبیرق ةبیبینا

Branch ofrenal vein

Capillaries ةیومد تاریعش

FromanotherNephron

ةدحو نم ىرخا ةیلوب

Loop of Henlewith capillarynetwork

CollectingDuct

ةعماج ةبوبنا

3

1

2

ةظفحم ناموب

عرفتم نیرش نایرشلا نع

يولكلا

جراخ نیرش نم ةبكلا

دیرولا نم عرف يولكلا

) ءاوتلا( ةطوشنا ةكبش اھوسكی يلنھ ةیومدلا تاریعشلا نم

Anatomy of the human excretory system (Diagram of a Nephron) )ةیلوبلا ةدحولل يحیضوت مسر( ناسنالا يف يجارخالا زاھجلا حیرشت

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25.7 Overview: The key processes of the urinary system are filtration, reabsorption, secretion, and excretion

, صاصتمالا ةداعا , حیشرتلا يلوبلا زاھجلل ةیسیئرلا تایلمعلا : ةلماش ةعجارم جارخإلاو زارفالا

§ Filtration حیشرتلا – Blood pressure forces water and many small solutes into the nephron

ةیلوبلا ةدحولا ىلا ةریغصلا ةباذملا داوملا نم دیدعلا و ءاملا مدلا طغض عفدی–§ Reabsorption صاصتمالا ةداعا

– Valuable solutes are reclaimed from the filtrateحشارلا نم ةعفانلا ةبئاذلا داوملا ةداعتسا متی–

§ Secretion زارفالا – Excess H+ and toxins are added to the filtrate

حشارلا ىلا مومسلا و نیجوردیھلا نویا نم ضئافلا فاضی–§ Excretion جارخالا

– The final product, urine, is excreted لوبلا وھو يئاھنلا جتنملا جارخا متی–

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Filtration

H2O, other small molecules ىرخا ةریغص تائیزجو , ءاملا

Capillary ةیومد ةریعش

Nephron tubule Reabsorption Secretion

Urine لوبلا

Interstitial fluid يجیسن نیبلا لئاسلا

Excretion حیشرتلا

جارخالا زارفالا صاصتمالا ةداعا ةیلوبلا ةدحولا ةبیبینا

Major processes of the urinary system

يلوبلا زاھجلل ةیسیئرلا تایملعلا

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§ Reabsorption in the proximal and distal tubules removes Nutrients, Salt, Water

ءاملاو حلملاو ةیذغملا داوملا ةدیعبلاو ةبیرقلا تاببینالا يف صاصتمالا ةداعا حیزی§§ pH is regulated by

لالخ نم ينیجوردیھلا سالا میظنت متی§– Reabsorption of HCO3

– تانوبركیبلا نویا اصتما ةداعا ص – Secretion of H+ نیجوردیھلا نویا زارفا

§ High NaCl concentration in the medulla promotes reabsorption of water

ءاملا صاصتما ةداعا ىلع ةیلكلا عاخن يف يلاعلا مویدوصلا دیرولك زیكرت عجشی§§ Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) regulates the amount of

water excreted by the kidneys نیتیلكلا قیرط نع اھنم صلختلا متی يتلا ءاملا ةیمك مظنی – لوبتلل داضملا نومرھلا§

25.8 Blood filtrate is refined to urine through reabsorption and secretion

زارفالا و صاصتمالا ةداعا لالخ نم لوبلا نیوكتل مدلا حشار ةیقنت متی

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§ Compensating for kidney failure

يولكلا لشفلا نع ضیوعتلا§

§ A dialysis machine

ىلكلا لسغ زاھج§– Removes wastes from the blood

مدلا نم تافلخملا ةحازا–

– Maintains its solute concentration

مدلا يف ةباذملا داوملا زیكرت ىلع ةظفاحملا–

25.9 CONNECTION: Kidney dialysis can be a lifesaver ةایحلل اذقنم نوكی نا نكمی )ىلكلا لسغ( ةزلیدلا: ةیقیبطت ةطبار

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

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Line from arteryto apparatus

Pump ةخضم

Tubing made of aselectively permeablemembrane

DialyzingsolutionLine from

apparatusto vein

Fresh dialyzingsolution

Used dialyzingsolution(with urea andexcess ions)

نایرشلا نم طخ زاھجلا ىلا

نم ةعونصم بیبانا ةیصاخ اھل ةیشغا ةیئافطصا ذافن

نم طخ زاھجلا

دیرولا ىلا

لولحم لسغلا

جزاطلا لسغلا لولحم

لمعتسملا لسغلا لولحمىلكلا لسغ ةیلمع .Kidney dialysis تانویالا ضئاف و انیلوبلا ھب

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1- Explain how bear physiology adjusts during dormancy تابسلا ءانثا فیكتی نا بدلا ایجولویزیفل نكمی فیك حرشا -1

2- Describe four ways that heat is gained or lost by an animalناویحلا يف دقفت وا ةرارحلا بستكت اھب يتلا ةعبرالا قرطلا فص -2

3-Describe five categories of adaptations that help animals thermoregulate يرارحلا میظنتلا ىلع تاناویحلا دعاست يتلا تافیكتلل سمخلا تائفلا فص -3

4- Compare the osmoregulatory problems of freshwater fish, saltwater fish, and terrestrial animals ھسبایلا تاناویح و راحبلا كامسا و ةبذعلا هایملا كامسا يف يزومسالا میظنتلا لكاشم نیب نراق -4

5- Compare the three ways that animals eliminate nitrogenous wastes ةینیجورتنلا تافلخملا نم تاناویحلا اھب صلختت يتلا ثالثلا قرطلا نیب نراق -5

6- Describe the structure of the human kidney ناسنالا ةیلك بیكرت فص -6

7- Explain how the kidney promotes homeostasis يویحلا نازتالا ةیلمع زفحت نا ةیلكلل ىتأتی فیك حرشا -7

8 - Describe four major processes that produce urine لوبلا جتنی اھب يتلا عبرالا ةیسیئرلا قرطلا فص -8

9- Describe the key events in the conversion of filtrate into urine لوب ىلا حشارلا لیوحت متی اھب يتلا ةیسیئرلا ثادحالا فص -9

You should now be able toبابلا اذھ نم ءاھتنالا دعب ھتفرعم كیلع يغبنی ام

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

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Excretion in Plantsتابنلا ىف جارخإلا

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Excretion of Gases ( تازاغلا جارخإ )

§ Excess of CO2 or O2 in the leaves exit through stomata to the air.

ءاوھلا ىلإ روغثلا ربع جرخی ةقرولا ىف 2O وأ 2CO نم ضئافلا§

§ Or they are brought by phleom and xylem from anywhere in the plant body to where there are stomata to exit to the air

روغثلا دجوت ثیح ىلإ تابنلا مسج ىف ناكم ىأ نم امھلقنب بشخلا و ءاحللا موقی نأ وأ§ ءاوھلل امھجورخل

- They can also penetrate external cell surfaces directly to the air

ءاوھلا ىلإ ةیجراخلا ایالخلا حوطس ربع ةرشابم ذافنلا اھنكمی امك-

Excretion in Plants تابنلا ىف جارخإلا

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§Guttation ( عامدإلا )

- Secretion of water and its solutes by hydathodes found in the leafs epidermis of some plants in hummed environment.

قیرط نع ھیف ةباذملا داوملاو ءاملا زارفإ وھ- ضعب قاروأ ةرشب يف ةدوجوملا ةیئاملا روغثلا .ةیئاملا تاتابنلا

§Transpiration ( حتنلا )

- Water evaporates from the surface of leaves through stomata

روغثلا ربع قاروألا حطس نم ءاملا رخبتی-

Excretion in Plants تابنلا ىف جارخإلا

Excretion of water ( ءاملا جارخإ )

Water droplets ( ءاملا تاطیقن )

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Excretion of Nitrogenous Compounds

ةینیجورتنلا تابكرملاجارخإ§

– Terrestrial plants convert excess amino acids into uric acid and Keto acids by deamination and deposited as crystals in the leafs

ةینوتیكلا ضامحألاو يلوبلا ضمحلا ىلإ ةینیمألا ضامحألا نم ضئافلا ةیضرألا تاتابنلا لوحت– نیمألا عزن ةیلمعب

– In Aquatic plants the excess of amino acids are converted to ammonia and keto acids; ammonia exit outside the plant through stomata

ةینوتیك ضامحأو اینومألا زاغ ىلإ ةینیمألا ضامحألا نم ضئافلا لیلحت متی ةیئاملا تاتابنلا ىف–روغثلا ربع تابنلا جراخ ىلإ اینومألا زاغ جرخیو

Excretion in Plants تابنلا ىف جارخإلا

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Excretion in Plants تابنلا ىف جارخإلا

Excretion by Salt glands ( ةیحلملا ددغلاب جارخإلا )

– Excretion of excess salts outside plant body by special salt glands as in halophytes

مسج جراخ ىلإ حالمألا نم ضئافلا جارخإ متی– وھ امك ةصصختم ةیحلم ددغ ةطساوب تابنلا .ةیحلملا تاتابنلا يف لاحلا

Salt crystalsحلملا تاروللب

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Control of Body Temperature and Water Balanceيئاملا نازتالا و مسجلا ةرارح ةجرد يف مكحتلا

حـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــلطصملا حــــــــــلطصملا فیرعتHomeostasis يویحلا نازتالاMaintenance Of Steady Internal Conditions ةرقتسم ةیلخاد لاوحأو فورظ ىلع ظافحلا ىلع ةردقلا

Fluctuations تابلقتلاThermoregulation يرارحلا میظنتلاOsmoregulation يزومسالا میظنتلاExcretion جارخالNitrogen-Containing Wastes نیجورتنلا ىلع ةیوتحملا تافلخملاThermoregulation يرارحلا میظنتلاInternal Temperature Within A Tolerable Range

ىدم نمض ةیلخادلا مسجلا ةرارح ةجرد ىلع ةظفاحملاھلمحت نكمی

Ectothermic ةرارحلا ةیجراخEndothermic ةرارحلا ةیلخادConduction لیصوتلاConvection يرارحلا لمحلاRadiation عاعشالاEvaporation ریخبتلا

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Control of Body Temperature and Water Balanceيئاملا نازتالا و مسجلا ةرارح ةجرد يف مكحتلا

Mechanisms Of Heat Exchange ةرارحلا لدابت تایلاAdaptations Promote Thermoregulation يرارحلا میظنتلا ىلع عجشت يتلا تافیكتلاIncreased Metabolic Heat Production ةیضیالا ةرارحلا جاتنا ةدایزInsulation لزعلاCirculatory Adaptations ةیومدلا ةرودلاب ةصاخلا تافیكتلاEvaporative Cooling رخبتلاب دیربتلاSweating قرعتلاPanting ثھللBehavioral Responses ةیكولسلا تاباجتسالاOsmoregulation And Excretion جارخإلاو يزومسالا میظنتلا

Osmoconformers يزومسالا قفاوتلا تاذ تانئاكلاSame Internal Solute Concentration As Seawater

رحبلا هایمك ةیلخادلا ةبئاذلا داوملا زیكرت سفن

Marine Invertebrates Are Osmoconformers

يزومسا قفاوت تاذ تانئاك ةیرحبلا تایراقفاللا

حـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــلطصملا حــــــــــلطصملا فیرعت

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Control of Body Temperature and Water Balanceيئاملا نازتالا و مسجلا ةرارح ةجرد يف مكحتلا

Osmoregulators Control Their Solute Concentrations

يف مكحتلا ىلع ةردقلا اھل يزومسالا میظنتلا تاذ تانئاكلا ةباذملا اھداوم زیكارت

Saltwater Fish ةحلاملا هایملا كامساLand Animals ةسبایلا تاناویحNitrogenous Wastes ةینیجورتنلا تافلخملا1-Ammonia (Nh3) ) رداشنلا زاغ( اینوماUrea انیلوبلاExcretory System يجارخالا زاھجلاExpels Wastes تافلخملا درطیRegulates Water Balance يئاملا نازتالا مظنیRegulates Ion Balance ينویالا نازتالا مظنیNephrons ةیلوبلا تادحولا )تانورفنلا(Functional Units Of The Kidneys ىلكلل ةیفیظولا تادحولا

Extract A Filtrate From The Blood مدلا نم ةحشارلا داوملا صالختسا Refine The Filtrate To Produce Urine لوبلا جاتنإل ةحشارلا داوملا ةیقنتUrine لوبلا

حـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــلطصملا حــــــــــلطصملا فیرعت

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Control of Body Temperature and Water Balanceيئاملا نازتالا و مسجلا ةرارح ةجرد يف مكحتلا

حـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــلطصملا حــــــــــلطصملا فیرعتUreters Drain The Kidneys نیتیلكلا نابلاحلا غرفیStored In The Urinary Bladder ةیلوبلا ةناثملا يف نزخی Expelled Through The Urethra يلوبلا ىرجملا لالخ نم حرطی Filtration حیشرتلاBlood Pressure Forces Water And Many Small Solutes Into The Nephron

ةریغصلا ةباذملا داوملا نم دیدعلا و ءاملا مدلا طغض عفدی ةیلوبلا ةدحولا ىلا

Reabsorption صاصتمالا ةداعاValuable Solutes Are Reclaimed From The Filtrate حشارلا نم ةعفانلا ةبئاذلا داوملا ةداعتسا متی

Secretion زارفالاExcess H+ And Toxins Are Added To The Filtrate

حشارلا ىلا مومسلا و نیجوردیھلا نویا نم ضئافلا فاضی

Excretion جارخالاFinal Product, Urine, Is Excreted لوبلا وھو يئاھنلا جتنملا جارخاReabsorption In The Proximal And Distal Tubules Removes Nutrients, Salt, Water

داوملا ةدیعبلاو ةبیرقلا تاببینالا يف صاصتمالا ةداعا حیزی ءاملاو حلملاو ةیذغملا

Ph Is Regulated By ينیجوردیھلا سالا میظنت متی

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Control of Body Temperature and Water Balanceيئاملا نازتالا و مسجلا ةرارح ةجرد يف مكحتلا

حـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــلطصملا حــــــــــلطصملا فیرعتHigh Nacl Concentration يلاعلا مویدوصلا دیرولك زیكرتAntidiuretic Hormone (ADH) لوبتلل داضملا نومرھلاRegulates The Amount Of Water Excreted By The Kidneys

نیتیلكلا قیرط نع اھنم صلختلا متی يتلا ءاملا ةیمك مظنی

Compensating For Kidney Failure يولكلا لشفلا نع ضیوعتلا A Dialysis Machine ىلكلا لسغ زاھج Removes Wastes From The Blood مدلا نم تافلخملا ةحازا Solute Concentration ةباذملا داوملا زیكرتExcretion In Plants تابنلا ىف جارخإلاExcretion Of Gases تازاغلا جارخإExit ھجورخلPenetrate External Cell Surfaces ةیجراخلا ایالخلا حوطس ربع ةرشابم ذافنلاGuttation عامدإلا

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Secretion زارفإHydathodes ةیئاملا روغثلاHumid Environment. ةبطرلا ةئیبلاTerrestrial Plants ةیضرألا تاتابنلاDeamination نیمألا عزن ةیلمعبAquatic Plants ةیئاملا تاتابنلاConverted لیوحتSalt Glands ةیحلملا ددغلابHalophytes ةیحلم ددغ

حـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــلطصملا حــــــــــلطصملا فیرعت

Control of Body Temperature and Water Balanceيئاملا نازتالا و مسجلا ةرارح ةجرد يف مكحتلا