Chapter 24An Age of Modernity, Anxiety, and Imperialism 1894 - 1914

I. Intellectual and Cultural Developments The Emergence of a New Physics b/4 reason and facts = scienceNewton - (Objective)

2. Marie CuriePolishMarried Pierre Curie a professor of physics1906 husband died and she was professorTheory of Radioactivity (radium and polonium)Subatomic particles random movements

3. Max Planck (1858-1947)Correlation of temperature and radiation.Energy of a vibrating molecule is quantized (radiation was emitted in little chunks which is proportional to vibration not temperature). Revolutionary energy is discontinuous. Not a constant stream. Not objective.

4. Albert Einstein (1879 1955)GermanThe Electro-Dynamic of Moving BodiesRelativity Theory Space and Time are NOT absolute but relative to the observer4D Space/Time Continuum. Matter is EnergyE = mc^2Eclipse of 1919 light was bending with gravitational force even though it had no mass.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LoaOHvy5AcA&feature=related

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ztNjUtJcGzk

B. Toward a New Understanding of the IrrationalFrederich Nietsche (1844-1900)Reason plays little role in life at the mercy of irrational forces. Christianity was the problem Slave Morality

Frederick Nietzsche slave moralityMorality was invented by weak people in order to defend themselves against the strongSuperior person skeptic of compassion, pity, and selflessness. Happy, energetic and optimistic.Slave Pessimistic and fearful. Slaves are victims (or choose to be)Makes the best of a bad situation.Promotes virtues to ease living for those who suffer.Patience, industry, humility - good things.

Slave Morality vs Master MoralitySlave Morality (living a lie)Good to ease suffering Bad to inspire fearMaster MoralityGood to inspire fearBad to ease sufferingWhat would he think about equality and Democracy?

God is DeadNot literallyGod is dead in the hearts of modern man, killed by rationality and science.Accepting that there is no God is getting rid of the Western Christian cultural belief of a God. April 8, 1966

2. Henri Bergson (1859-1941)Reason is good for knowledge and practical application but it is not necessary for truth or ultimate realityReality is a life force French Philosopher Intuitivism

3. Georges Sorel (1847-1922)Revolutionary Socialism violent action to ensure socialismGeneral Strike violent orders to attack Capitalist societySmall elite ruling body

C. Sigmund Freud and Psychoanalysis (1856 1939)AustrianThe Interpretations of DreamsPsychoanalysis human behavior is driven by irrational behavior (the unconscious) Role of UnconsciousHypnosis and DreamsRepression previous experiences determine behavior, but you cant remember.

UnconsciousId unconscious basic drives for the pleasure principle Ego justifies the ids drives the reality principleSuperego stops the id. (societies morals or virtues)

Oedipus ComplexThe most important repressions were sexual

Through psychoanalysis a patient would find that there are desires for the parent of the opposite sex.

D. The Impact of DarwinSocial Darwinism Herbert SpencerSocieties are organisms The state should not intervene because society will fix itself.Racism nations were engaged in a struggle for existence Is there a more evolved race???Germany, (volk) nation, people, race

Volkish ThoughtHouston Stewart Chamberlain (1855-1927)The Foundations of the 19th CenturyModern-Day Germans Aryan creators of West. CultureDestructive races:JewsNegroesOrientals

E. The Attack of ChristianityIndustrialization and urbanization means the church is less powerful1. Anticlericalism movement that opposed the clergy for reasons like-politics- Scientific discoveries (evolution)- Ernst Renan Life of Jesus questions historical accuracy

D. Attack of ChristianityResponse of the ChurchesRejection of the modern ideas and forces (Catholic and Protestant)Pope Pius IX = Syllabus of ErrorsModernism reinterpret ChristianityEnds by 1907Compromise

E. The Culture of Modernity: Literature1. Naturalism b/4 realistic - now realistic but no optimis.

E. The Culture of Modernity: Literature2. Symbolism (poetry) against realism, external world = not reality mind realitya. W.B. Yeatsb. Maria Rilke

F. Modernism in the ArtsImpressionism beginning of modern art. France no studio painting; countryCamille Pissarro (1830-1903) founderNot as precise or realEffects of light on natureClaude Monet (1840-1926)Berthe Morisot (1841-1895)-female painter not taken seriously

Pissarro - The Chestnut Trees at Osny

Pissarro - Landscape at Chaponval

Claude Monethttp://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/monet-the-argenteuil-bridge

Berthe Morisothttp://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/morisots-mother-and-sister-of-the-artist

F. Modernism2. Post Impressionism (1880s) kept the light and color - but structure and form become important (Personal statement about reality - objective reality to subjective reality)

Paul Cezanne (1839 1906)Geometric figure

Vincent van Gogh (1853-1890)

F. Modernism3. Search for Individual Expression how do you represent reality when you arent sure what reality is?a. photography 1830sb. Picasso Cubism (geometric designs)c. Kandinsky abstract painting art avoids representation and speaks to the soul (concentrates on color)

George Eastman Kodak 1888

Pablo Picasso Les Demoiselles dAvignon

Picasso Three Musicians

Kandinsky Square with White Border

4. Modernism in MusicEmphasis on folk musicEdvard Grieg Norwegian Nationalisthttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qAMLCDnCLzsClaude Dubussy - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9_7loz-HWUMIgor Stravinskyhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PSyoi0EGYBw

II. Politics: New Directions and New UncertaintiesThe movement of Womens RightsPolitical Democracy 1894 slowed and socialism is taking over1830s movements start more for family and prejudice. Mostly unsuccessfulNew Professions teaching and nursing.

Nursing during the 19th centuryClara Barton 1821-1912Amalie SievekingFlorence Nightingale

4. The Right to VoteBritain (Millicent Fawcett) Womens Social and Political Union and 1903 media and suffragettes

Emily Davison - 1913

Emmaline PankhurstFounded Womens Social and Political UnionMore radical protestsEggs, chaining to lamppostsHunger strikes

1908 Equal Suffrage laws in Harpers Weekly

5. Efforts for PeaceBertha Von Suttner (1853-1914)Lay Down Your Arms novel; nobel peace prize in 1905new woman renouncing Traditional female rolesMaria Montessori first Italian woman with a med degree. Montessori schools

B. Jews in the European Nation-StateAnti-Semitism in the Austrian Empire in GermanyKarl Lueger mayor of Vienna 1897-1910German Nationalist blamed Jews for the corruption of the Jewish culturePogroms 72% of Jews lived in Eastern Europe

3. Zionist MovementTheodor Hezel The Jewish StateSecure Palestine as a homeland for the Jewish people.

C. Transformation of LiberalismGiovanni Giolitti Transformismo political groups transformed by bribery Italian politics corruptAppeased urban workers with social welfare programsLibya

2. FranceDreyfus Affair Alfred Dreyfus found guilty of giving military secrets to GermanyDreyfus was JewishA Catholic Aristocrat was really upsetThe corruption of the army was published in a newspaper by Emile Zola

2. FranceResult French Government exposedRadical republicans purged the nation of its moderate politicians and army officials Separation of Church and State in 1905Working class still alienated from the government

3. Germany: William II and Bismarck 1871-1914Tensions Grow due to urbanization, traditionalism, and socialismWorking class undermined by the socialist party and governmentPan-Germanic League advocated imperialism and denounced Jews