Chapter 23Solutions

Lesson 1

DefinitionsDefinitions

• A solution is a mixture that has the same composition, color, density, and even taste throughout

• To describe a solution, you may say that one substance is dissolved in another.

• The substance being dissolved is the solute, and the substance doing the dissolving is the solvent

DefinitionsDefinitions

• Solution - Solution - homogeneous mixturehomogeneous mixture

• Solute Solute - substance being dissolvedsubstance being dissolved

• Solvent Solvent – does the dissolving, present does the dissolving, present in greater amountin greater amount

Solute Solute - KMnO4 Solvent Solvent - H2O

Definitions

Types of Solutions

• Based on state of solvent.• All solid-liquid-gas combos are

possible.• EX: dental amalgam (alloy of silver,

mercury, etc.)– liquid solute, solid solvent– solid solution

Nonliquid Solutions

• Solutions can also be gaseous or even solid

• All mixtures of gases are solutions. • Air is a solution of 78 percent

nitrogen, 20 percent oxygen, and small amounts of other gases such as argon, carbon dioxide and hydrogen.

Nonliquid Solutions

• Sterling silver contains 92.5 percent silver and 7.5 percent copper.

• Solid solutions are known as alloys. They are made by melting the metal solute and solvent together.

Dissolving

• Solvation

– occurs at the surface of the solute

– solvent particles surround solute particles (+/- attraction)

– solute particles are pulled into solution

How Substances Dissolve

• Like the particles of any substance, water molecules are constantly moving.

• Also, water molecules are polar which means they have a positive area and a negative area

• Molecules of sugar are also polar.

How It Happens

Step 1. Moving water molecules cluster around the sugar molecules as their negative ends are attracted to the positive ends of the sugar molecules.

How It Happens

Step 2. Water molecules pull the sugar molecules into solution

How It Happens

Step 3. Water molecules and sugar molecules spread out to form a homogeneous mixture.

Dissolving

• NaCl dissolving in waterNaCl dissolving in water

Rate of Solution

• Solids dissolve faster......

– more stirring

– small particle size(increased surface area)

– high temperature

Dissolving Solids in Solids

• Although solid particles do move a little, this movement is not enough to spread them evenly throughout the mixture.

• The solid metals are first melted and then mixed together. In this liquid state, the metal atoms can spread out evenly and will remain mixed when cooled.

Rate of Solution

• Gases dissolve faster......

– no shaking or stirring

– high pressure

– low temperature

Dissolving Liquids and Gases

• Particles of liquids and gases move much more freely than do particles of solids.

• When gases dissolve in gases or when liquids dissolve in liquids, this movement spreads solutes evenly throughout the solvent, resulting in a homogenous solution.

Rate of Dissolving

• There are several things you can do to speed up the rate of dissolvingstirring, reducing crystal size, and increasing temperature are three of the most effective techniques.

Stirring

• Stirring a solution speeds up dissolving because it brings more fresh solvent into contact with more solute.

• The fresh solvent attracts the particles of solute, causing the solid

solute to dissolve faster.

Crystal Size

• Another way to speed the dissolving of a solid in a liquid is to grind large crystals into smaller ones.

• Large crystals dissolve in water slowly because the amount of surface area is limited. It allows more area to come into contact with solvent

• Increasing the amount of surface area by creating smaller particles increases the rate of dissolving.

Temperature

• Increasing the temperature of a solvent speeds up the movement of its particles.

• This increase causes more solvent particles to bump into the solute.

• As a result, solute particles break loose and dissolve faster

Controlling the Process

• Each technique, stirring, crushing, and heating, is known to speed up the rate of dissolving by itself. However, when two or more techniques are combined, the rate of dissolving is even faster.

• Knowing how much each technique affects the rate will allow you to control the rate of dissolving more precisely.