THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

CHAPTER 23: INDUSTRIALIZATION AND NATIONALISM

LESSON 1

I. A REVOLUTION IN AGRICULTURE

THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION IN GREAT BRITAIN

What was the significance of the

Agricultural Revolution in Great Britain? Why did the Industrial Revolution

start in Great Britain?

Enclosure Movement of the 1700sEnclosure laws allowed landowners to fence off land formerly used as common pasture. The map on the left shows a British farming area in 1700; the shaded areas are common pastures. The map on the right shows the same area in 1800, with the common pastures eliminated by fences.

Enclosure Movement of the 1700s

Effects of enclosure laws: • Landowners fence in common lands. • Peasants move to towns to find work. • Factories benefit from new labor supply. • Remaining farms are larger, with increased crop yields.

• During the Middle Ages and after the Black Death, most of Europe went through an agricultural recession.

• There were few innovations in technique, and production remained constant.

• An open-field system was in place: Large plots of land had been cleared and divided into long strips owned by different farmers.

• Often, a farmer's lands were discontinuous and scattered.

• After the harvest had occurred, the communal fields were available to all for grazing sheep or other livestock on a free-range basis.

• The enclosure laws restricted the use of these fields, allowing the construction of fences or hedgerows that prevented communal grazing.

• This practice began during the creation of large estates by the lords of manors.

• Eventually, enclosure led to more efficient and profitable farming, free of the regulations that governed the open-field system.

THE AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION

• ADVANCES IN FARMING• ENCLOSURE MOVEMENT

HOW WOULD LACK OF ACCESS TO COMMON LANDS

HAVE CHANGED THE WAY FARMERS LIVED?

II. CHANGES IN THE COTTON INDUSTRY

“COTTAGE INDUSTRIES”

“COTTAGE INDUSTRIES”

• In the Middle Ages, urban guilds controlled small-scale manufacturing by artisans.

• Entrepreneurs used rural workers, who were supplied with raw materials and did the work for less pay.

• This allowed rural families to have added income, marry younger, and have more children.

• The work also provided a source of income to offset bad harvests, and it prepared workers for the types of tasks that would be found later in factories.

CHANGES IN THE COTTON INDUSTRY

• SPINNING JENNYS AND STEM ENGINES

• THE FIRST FACTORIES

III. COAL AND IRON, RAILROADS, AND

FACTORIES

Inventions of the Industrial Revolution

• Puddling o Produced bar iron without hammeringo Faster production and better quality

• Steam engine o Transformed transportation and

agriculture o With James Watt’s improvements,

enabled to drive machinery

COAL, IRON, AND RAILROADS

• COAL USED TO POWER STEAM ENGINES

• IMPROVEMENTS IN IRON PRODUCTION

• RAILROADS REVOLUTIONIZE TRANSPORTATION

What connections can you see among the advances

in iron production and the development of railroads?

JOURNAL QUESTION #2

Why was an unfailing source of power one of

the keys to the Industrial Revolution?

THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

CHAPTER 23: INDUSTRIALIZATION AND NATIONALISM

LESSON 1

JOURNAL QUESTION #1

How are the subjects of the previous day's homework and the cartoon related?

I. INDUSTRIALIZATION

ELSEWHERE

THE SPREAD OF INDUSTRIALIZATIONWHAT FACTORS FED THE SPREAD

OF INDUSTRIALIZATION IN EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICA?

Spread of Industrialization to Europe and North America

• Spread first to countries whose governments were ready for it: Belgium, France, Germany

• Spread in America once population moved to cities from farms

• Railway system was key factor in both Europe and United States

SPREAD OF INDUSTRIALIZATION

• SUPPORT FROM EUROPEAN GOVERNMENTS

• INDUSTRIALIZATION OF THE U.S.WHAT TYPE OF ASSISTANCE COULD A GOVERNMENT

PROVIDE TO ENCOURAGE INDUSTRIALIZATION?

II. SOCIAL IMPACT

SOCIAL IMPACT OF INDUSTRIALIZATIONWHAT WAS THE SOCIAL IMPACT OF INDUSTRIALIZATION IN EUROPE?

Famine and Immigration

• Famine and poverty caused many people in Europe to move to different countries in search of a better life.

• A potato famine in Ireland killed a million people and caused a million more to emigrate to the United States.

• Other Europeans emigrated to large cities in other countries, believing that industrialization brought new economic opportunities.

Early Socialist Utopia

Proposed design for Robert Ower's utopian community at New Harmony, Indiana

Early Socialist Utopia

Krupp factory in Essen, Germany

Early Socialist Utopia

• Wealth could be distributed evenly if government controlled factory production.

• Everyone’s basic needs—food, shelter, clothing—would be met.

• Workers would be fulfilled by using their skills.

What ideals were the early socialists striving for?