Chapter 2&3 e-banking

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CHAPTER TWO. PRESENTATION OF RUBAVU SECTOR

2.1. Geographical principal characteristics

2.1.1. General aspects

Rubavu Sector is one of the twelve Sectors comprising Rubavu District. It is composed of 7 Cells namely: Byahi, Buhaza, Gikombe, Rukoko, Murara, Murambi, Burinda and 35 Villages.

The Sector’s general characteristics can be grouped as shown in the table 1 below.

Table 1: Rubavu Sector general characteristicsBoundaries Nort CYANZARWE Sector

East RUGERERO SectorSouth GISENYI SectorWest DRCongo

Number of Cells 7

Number of Villages 35

Total Population 22389 InhabitantsSource: Rubavu Sector Annual Report 2011

2.1.2. Relief

Rubavu Sector is situated in the central plateau. Topographically, it is generally hilly in the

central, eastern and southern part. There are hills with an average altitude of 1700 meters

which descend up to 1450 meters, these are Buzuta Rwangara, Gitaruwenze, Gikombe,

Nyabutwa, Kanyabikona, a part of Rubavu mountain and Cyanzarwe mountain.

2.1.3. Climate and rainfal

Rubavu Sector is characterised by sub-equatorial temperate climate with an average

temperature fractuating around 20oC. Like in the rest of the country it has an annual

rainfall of 1160 mm. It has 4 climatic seasons: long period of rainfall (mid- February –

May) ; long dry period (June-mid September) ; short rainy period (mid-September-

December) and a short dry season (January-mid February). The rainy season is characterised

by an average heavy rainfall of about 1400 mm par year.

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2.1.4. Soils

The soils’ depth depends on the situation on the hill. The best soils are found in swamps.

They are sandy and have enough humus, if they are not formed from erosion of hills.

Soils on the dorsal granite are the not fertile as they are poor in humous content. Central

platea soils are better; they are the koalisol type, fertile when the erosion has not

impacted it and their humus layer has been conserved.

2.1.5. Fauna and flora

Natural vegetation has disappeared due to agricultural pressure and has been replaced by

man- made vegetation dominated by food plants.

The largest part of the land is under food cultivation such as bananas, beans, sorghum, irish

potatoes and cassava in that order of importance.

Generally, Rubavu Sector lacks forest cover and a few forests which already exist require

harvesting and reforestation. However, there are certain patches of reforested land

dominated in large part by encalyptus and grevillia.

2.2. SOCIO-ECONOMIC SITUATION

The socio-economic situation can be presented under two aspects: human development

sector and economic development sector.

2.2.1. Human development sector

2.2.1.1. Demographic data

Sector Total Population Distribution Par Cell

The Total population of Rubavu Sector is 22389 inhabitants who are distributed in

various Cells as shows in the table below.

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Table 2 : Population distribution par Cell

CELL TOTAL POPULATION

1. GIKOMBE 56222. BYAHI 12333. BURINDA 38404. BUHAZA 13715. RUKOKO 56946. MURARA 22297. MURAMBI 2400TOTAL 22389

Source: Rubavu Sector Annual Report 2011

This table shows that in Rubavu Sector population distribution par Cell, Gikombe Cell

is the most densely populated with 25.1% of the total population and Byahi is the least

populated with 5.5% of the total population.

2.2.1.2. Education

There are 3 levels of education in Rubavu Sector: nursary, primary and secondary. Nursary

and primary schools are attended by children whose parents live within the Sector

and its surroundings. Secondary receive children literally from all Provinces of the

country.

- Nursary, primary, secondary, professional and adult

education

Table 3: Number of schools in the Sector (Nursary, primary, secondary, professional

and literacy centres

Type of Education Number

Nursery Schools 3

Primary schools 6

Secondary Schools 1

Professional training Centres 2

Literacy centers 2

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It must be noted that illiterate population represents a significant proportion of people

aged 15 years and above who cannot read, write or count. The illiteracy rate is

estimated to be more or less 42.3% of the total population of the Sector.

2.2.1.3. Sports, Youth and Culture

The majority of the youth in Rubavu Sector are unemployed. They have no easy access to

education, financial means to carry out gainful self employment and do not engage in

any income generating activities as they lack any form of professional training.

Regarding sports, the Rubavu Sector youth have 4 Football teams and 1 volleyball team. All

the teams comprise both men and women players. However, there are insufficient sports

grounds and equipment.

In the domain of culture, there are cultural troupes in schools and Cells which engage in

dense, theatre and poetry as the principle activities.

Local cultural clubs organise sensitisation meetings for the youth to promote cultural

development, fight against HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases. In such

meetings educational films related to each domain are shown.

2.2.2. ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT SECTOR

2.2.2.1. Agricultural production

Like in other parts of the country more than 90% of the population of Rubavu Sector rely

on agriculture. Agricutural production is characterized by a diversity of food crops

including irish potatoes, sorghum, beans, soyabeans, cassava and bananas. These different

crops are often intercropped on the same piece of land. There are also vegetables such

as: tomatoes, cabbages, and eggplants ets. Fruits grown in the area include plum fruits,

avocados and pawpaws.

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2.2.2.2. Livestock farming

Like elsewhere in the country, livestock was decimated during the genocide of April

1994. Despite the effort by certain intervening parties to restock, the population always

point out insufficient livestock as squarely linked to diminishing agricultural production.

Veterinary clinics lack sufficient equipment and means of transport hence the technical

staffs available are unable to cover the entire Sector.

2.2.2.3. Commerce

Commercial activities are currently going through a recession as a result of a decrease in

purchasing power of the population. Production in general and agriculture in particular has

declined in the last several yeas in succession due to over exploitation of the land without

compensatory fertilisers.

2.2.2.4. Associations and Cooperatives Movement

Rubavu Sector has many associations grouped according to activities they are engaged in.

We can mention association of farmers, moto taxi drivers, welders, carpenters, tailors,

masons, shoe repairers, etc.

Agricultural and Livestock farmers associations help their members to access loan

facilities and agricultural inputs. These must be repaid after the harvest. There are also

rotational loans to buy small animals given by the Umurenge SACCO of Rubavu Sector.

Major problems faced by those associations include lack of sufficient training in

management and lack of collateral to enable them access loans in Popular Banks and

other existing financial institutions in the District.

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Table 3. The groupment of population in cooperatives

CELLS NUMBER 0F

COOPERATIVES

NUMBER OF

ASSOCIATIONS

NUMBER OF

MEMBERS

YOUTH

COOPERATIVES

MA

LE FEMELLE

BYAHI 4 8 54 12 1

BUHAZA - 4 9 4 -

BURINDA 1 4 58 34 2

GIKOMBE 1 1 12 17 -

MURARA 6 3 153 175 -

MURAMBI - 3 70 46 -

RUKOKO 3 - 23 16 -

TOTAL 15 33 379 314 4

Sources: Rapport IMIHIGO 2009

2.2.2.6. Financial Institutions

Actually there is no Bank Branch in Rubavu Sector but there is two microfinance

institutions which are CLECAM and Umurenge SACCO of Rubavu Sector.

2.2.2.7. Transport and Communication

A. ROADS AND BRIDGES

There are 3 distinct categories of roads in Rubavu Sector:

1. Roads of international importance;

2. Inter-Sector roads;

3. Inter-Cell roads;

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B. COMMUNICATION

The proportion of the Sector population which uses telephone is still very small even

though some remarkable progress in this domain has been made. The number of people

using mobile telephones (MTN and TIGO) is generally on the increase.

2.2.2.8. Energy

It is hoped by the year 2020, Rwanda shall be able to produce sufficient energy to satisfy

all social and economic activities without damaging the environment, by combining hydro

and methane gas potential. It is hoped 35% of the population shall be able to access

electricity instead of the current 6%.

Firewood is the principal source of energy in 92% of homes in Rubavu Sector as most

homesteads use it for domestic cooking. Hullicane lamps are the principal source of

lighting for about 74% of the population. Use of electricity in homes is very limited

especially in Byahi and Murara cells.

2.2.2.9. Water and Sanitation

Clean drinking water enormously contributes to good health of homes and according

to studies carried out, Rubavu Sector population generally cover a long distance to

access drinking water. This distance ranges from 645 m and is well below the

national average of 703 m. The principal sources of water used most in the

Sector are free public fountains used by about 53,7% of the population. A high

percentage of the population 7% use poor quality water and only 19,3% have access

to clean drinking water.

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2.2.2.10. Forests and the Environment

Most of forests in the Sector were dessaminated during the war and period of insecurity in

the region. Forests which remain cover 58 hectares and require maintainence. In general,

the Sector lacks sufficient tree nursaries for reforestion and agroforestry.

However, there are some tree nursaries for trees like encalyptus, plums, acacia,

passion fruits etc..

Environment protection activities carried out in the Sector are essentially to fight soil

erosion by reforestation and digging terraces.

2.2.2.11. Mines and quarries

In Rubavu Sector, there is no single mine exploited on industrial scale. The last research

on mine prospects in the area found no existence of mineral deposits of any significant

importance.

The Sector is also rich in various types of clay often of good quality. Clay deposits are

concentrated in low laying marshlands. This clay is used in bricks and tites making.

There are also sand quarries, gravel and stones used locally in the construction of roads

and houses.

2.2.3. Health

Table 5 presents the current situation in the health sector.

Table 5: Current situation in the health sector in Rubavu Sector

REFERENCE NUMBER OBSERVATIONSNational reference hospital 1 Centre de Sante de MuraraFirst stage reference hospital 1 District hospital (Rubavu)Health Centres 2Centres specialising in mental health 0

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Nurses 2Health posts 0General practioner doctors 2A1 midwife nurses 0A1 Nurses 2A2 Nurses 12A2 Social assistants 4A0 Pharmacists 0Anaesthtist 1Mental health technicians 1Dentist 1A1 Kinesitherapist 0A1 Laboratory technician 1A2 Laboratory technician 4

The principal cause of morbidity and mortality by decreasing order are: malaria,

respiratory diseases, AIDS, diarrhea diseases and diseases linked to malnutrition.

These principal causes of morbidity and mortality can be linked mainly to lack of hygiene,

ignorance, lack of material and financial means and long distance to health centres in

certain Cells.

2.2.4. Gender and Family Promotion

In the domain of gender and family promotion, the Sector has already made significant

progress as women organisational structures at all administration levels (Cells, Villages

and Sector) play a big role in the mobilisation of women on current national policies.

Women are also integrated in decision making institutions.

Women organise themselves in mutually beneficial associations which engage in income

generating activities such as commerce, breeding of small animals, crafts particularly basket

and mat weaving, brick making and agriculture.

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2.2.5. Vulnerable groups

Rubavu Sector has a number of vulnerable persons as a result of the war of October 1990,

1994 genocide, epidemic diseases, pandemics like HIV/AIDS and homelessness.

A large number of these vulnerable persons have neither shelter nor land for cultivation.

Their housing is inappropriate and children access to education and health care is very

limited.

The following table 3 gives current available figures.

Table 3: Number of vulnerable persons in the Sector

Category Number

Orphan 230

Widow(er) 761

Physically 273

Old people 404

Destitute 277

Source : Data produced by Sector (June 2011)

2.3. Administrative structure of Rubavu Sector

On 31 December 2005, Law No 29/2005 determining the administrative entities of the Republic

of Rwanda was gazetted. It represents the legal basis of the Local Administration Reform

Policy, adopted in 2005 with the following specific objectives:

To promote and enhance effectiveness in service delivery by making the Sector a truly

service delivery focal point with adequate human, material and financial capacity, and to

improve collection of data and information at this level;

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To streamline and strengthen the coordination of public services and local economic

development at District Level by availing more technically competent personnel as well as

financial resources to the District to ensure sustainable decentralized fiscal regimes;

To strengthen the coordination of development activities;

To establish and strengthen coherent monitoring and evaluation systems as well as

institutionalize accountability tools and systems.

The country is currently composed of two layers of government (central and local) and of six

administrative entities: the Central Government, the Province (Intara), the District (Akarere),

the Sector (Umurenge), the Cell (Akagari) and the Village (Umudugudu). These structures,

which were reorganised under the 2005 reform, are complementary. Their new roles and

responsibilities have been clarified and distributed based on estimated capacities at each level

and their comparative advantages. The Figure below shows the administrative boundaries of the

Republic of Rwanda.

The Sector is a development level at which the population accesses various services in

accordance with existing laws The Sector shall have the following responsibilities:

1. Provide basic services including, death, marriage and birth registration;

2. Analyse people's problems and devise a participatory development plan;

3. Receive and settle problems which could not be solved at the Cell level;

4. Collect data which can be used to plan development activities;

5. Co-ordinate activities of Government special programmes (Gacaca, Tig, Mediators ..);

6. Monitor management and use of land, housing, infrastructure, environment and hygiene;

7. Sensitise people to participate in Government political, social and economic development

programmes;

8. Assist the District in tax collection;

9. Maintain and monitor the functioning of health centres;

10. Devise a programme of sensitising people to join the Health Insurance Schemes and

register those who join them;

11. Promote sports, culture and entertainment;

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12. Publicise laws and regulations on quarries and mines;

13. Publicise District and Sector Council decisions among Sector residents.

2.3.1. Administrative structures

A Council is hereby established at Sector and Executive Secretariat levels.

A. Sector Council

1. Responsibilities of the Sector Council

The Sector Council has the following responsibilities:

1. Approve Sector strategies and action plan and monitor their implementation by the

Executive

2. Approve the annual action plan and budget;

3. Approve or change decisions taken at the Cell level;

4. Activities and functioning of the Executive Secretary;

5. Analyse existing problems and approve modalities to address them;

6. Take disciplinary sanctions against leaders or any other employee at that level or of the Cell

level including temporary suspension for indiscipline or incompetence. The final decision to

replace him/he shall be taken by the District Council where the Sector is located;

7. Debate and take decisions on how security can be ensured in the Sector;

8. Elect the Council Bureau;

9. Monitor implementation of the communal work programmes (umuganda) for each term as

approved by each Cell Council basing on programmes from the Villages;

10. Approve days for mass marriage ceremony.

2. Members of the Sector Council

Voluntary services

Sector Council members shall be credible persons of integrity whose services shall be

voluntary.

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They shall be elected for a mandate of five (5) years. When that period expires, other

elections shall be held. The serving Council members can again stand for elections.

Members

The Sector Council comprises of the following:

1. All Co-ordinators of Cells within the Sector;

2. A Cell representative elected by the Cell Council;

3. Members of the National Youth Bureau at Sector level;

4. A Coordinator of the National Council of Women at Sector level;

5. Women representatives who should be at of least 30% of all Sector Council members;

6. A Headmaster representing Headmasters all primary schools in the Sector;

7. A representative of Non-Governmental Organisations operating in the Sector;

8. A representative of co-operatives in the Sector elected by his/her colleagues;

9. A Headmaster representing secondary schools in the Sector;

10. A leader representing hospitals, nutritional centers or health centers in the Sector.

Soon after elections, Sector Council members shall take, in front of the electorate, the oath

provided for in Article 61 of the Constitution of the Republic of Rwanda of June 4, 2003 as

amended to date. That ceremony shall be presided over by the District leaders.

B. Sector Executive Secretariat

Members

The Sector Executive Secretariat comprises of the Executive Secretary and other essential

staff employed by the District Council through competition and in accordance with the

organisational chart of each Sector approved by the Sector Council concerned.

The Sector Executive Secretary shall have a minimum qualification of a University degree or

any other Higher Institution but within A0 category. He/she can alternatively have a senior six

certificate and a six-year experience in leadership roles.


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Executive Secretariat employees

Sector Executive Secretariat staff are employees of the District and shall implement the Sector

responsibilities on daily basis. The Sector Council shall monitor their performance on daily

basis through its Bureau.

Executive Secretary

The Sector Executive Secretary shall assist the Council secretary in his/her duties to enable

him/her discharge his/her responsibilities effectively.

The Sector Executive Secretary shall be the secretary for Sector Council meetings. He/she

shall communicate to the Sector Council Bureau all instructions given by the District.

The Sector Executive Secretary shall attend Council meetings but is prohibited from voting

when decisions are taken.

Responsibilities

Without prejudice to provisions within this order, the Sector Executive Secretariat shall

specifically have the following responsibilities:

1. Co-ordinate Government programmes at Sector level;

2. Keep security of persons and their property;

3. Prepare the Sector plan of action and budget;

4. Perform the function of registration and other services provided at Sector level as provided

for by the Law;

5. Ensure services given to the population at all levels of the Sector are of good quality and

delivered on time;

6. Prepare and give report to the Council Bureau every month and whenever necessary so that

it can submit it to the Council;

7. Ensure rational use of District resources and finances in the Sector;

8. Prepare all development programmes at Sector level;

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9. Prepare program for Sector Council meetings and submit it to the Bureau so that it gives it

to the Council;

10. Ensure all correspondence which require response are answered;

11. Disseminate to the population all information which can enable them to better perform

development activities;

12. Monitor development projects operating in the Sector;

13. Collect statistics;

14. Submit to the Council Bureau all instructions given by the District and Sector Council

within a period not exceeding three (3) days;

15. Submit report to the Sector Council Bureau President with a copy to the District Mayor;

16. Perform any other duty assigned by competent higher authorities.

17. In his/her absece he/she is replaced by a professional in charge good governance

2.3.2. Working relationship the between Sector and District structures

The Sector Council President and Executive Secretary shall submit the Sector report once a

month and whenever necessary. That report must be approved by the Council before it is sent

to the District Mayor.

Every member of staff at Sector level submits his/her report to the person with similar

responsibilities at District level. A copy of such report is given to the Sector Executive

Secretary to be included in the general report.

2.4. Vision 2020 Umurenge Program (VUP) in Rubavu Sector

2.4.1. Vision

Releasing the productive capacities of people and offering solutions adapted to their

needs

Improving community livelihood assets and ensuring their sustainable usage

Increasing the targeting of social protection to the most vulnerable


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2.4.2. Mission

Contribute to reduce extreme poverty from 36.9% (2005/2006) to 24% (2012)

Instigate changes in the efficiency of poverty reduction (coordination,

interconnectedness of services, change attitudes)

Ensure economic growth is pro-poor.

2.4.3. Core Functions

Sensitizing very poor people unable to participate in normal economic activities to the

direct support program from VUP

Interesting and sensitizing people to apply voluntarily to get public work

Sensitizing people recruited to public work to save s percentage of his salary for being

eligible to the credit.

Assist people eligible to credit to design project and get credit

2.4.4. Core Values

Increase the income of very poor citizens in the Sector by improving their

productivity.

2.4.5. Service offered by the Vision 2020 Umurenge (RUBAVU)

1. Acquiring direct support in Vision 2020 Umurenge Project

What is the service? Am I eligible?

VUP direct support service is given to very

poor people unable to participate in normal

economic activities eg the sick and old

especially in families without a bread earner.

Direct support is based on the village level

and depends on the number of people in the

household. Eg head of the family: 250 frw,

partner; 150 including up to a maximum of 3

dependants each receiving 100 frw per day.

These people are also assisted to form saving

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schemes and design self help projects.

Which public administration do I go to? Sector

Which unit within the public administration

do I go to?

Vision 2020 Umurenge Sector Unit

Where can I access the service? VUP Sector

When can I access the service? 7:00am – 5:00pm, Monday to Friday

Once a request is made or an application is

submitted, how long will it take?

One week from the time the list of

beneficiaries is given to the VUP Sector.

What, if any, are the costs for accessing the

service?

Free service

What documents are required? List of the very poor and unable to work

people.

What is the procedure?

To get direct support from VUP:

*Umudugudu and cell office in a general

assembly prepare a list of very poor people in

their area who cannot engage in work. *Joint

Action Development Forum (JADF) of the

Sector approves the list. *The selected people

are sensitized on the direct support program

from VUP. *The people selected are then

given direct assistance for a period not

exceeding one year.

What, if any, other institutions do I need to

visit to access the service?

(Eg. For payment of service costs or to get

additional documents)

Village and Cell

Is there a complaint procedure? No formal procedure

Is there any additional information regarding

The other group of people assisted is the most

disadvantaged group eg the mentally sick, the

disabled etc whose assistance is continued

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this service that is useful to know? beyond one year. The very sick and disabled

are parented to people who can manage them

with direct support from VUP. These people

are also assisted to get into the saving


Source: Citizen’s Charter, Vision 2020 Umurenge Program Rubavu Sector, 2010

2. Recruitment of Vision 2020 Umurenge Project (VUP) public work


VUP offers public works to very poor people

residents of the sector.

Recruitment is done through a process of

identifying the very poor but able to work.



do I go to?


Where can I access the service? VUP Sector Office




One week from the time work


service?

Free service

What documents are required? List of the very poor and able to work.


To get recruitment from VUP public work;



their area with less than ¼ hectare of land and

have capacity to work. *The selected people

are sensitized on the public works program.

*Interested but sensitized people then

voluntarily apply verbally to get work.*The

people selected are then given work in

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Ubudehe village program.





Village, Cell and Private enterprise



this service that is useful to know?

Sensitization of the people is done such that

they understand conditions under which they

will work and apply voluntarily to get work.

These include; the rate of payment per day,

paying workers to through a bank account

and saving a percentage of his salary for

being eligible to the credit. If no workers are

available in a given sector the private

contractor; may employ anybody else from

any where. All workers are employed for a

maximum of six month running. The savings

kept for every worker, is for developing a

project meant to sustain individual workers

after the expiration of the work contract. VUP

Sector program managers assist workers

individually to design and set up projects of

their interest individually of jointly and helps

them negotiate bank loans for these projects

if need be.


3. Submitting a project proposal to Vision 2020 Umurenge Project (VUP)

You get assistance form Vision 2020

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Umurenge project which includes advocacy

on your project to a cooperative finance.

Vision 2020 Umurenge project prefer to give

assistance to a group of people with joint

project or cooperative.



do I go to?






2 weeks


service?

There is no charge for this service

What documents are required? None


To get assistance from vison 2020

Umurenge: 1. Go to the Umudugudu level

ask for 2 Forms: one for designing project

and another for contract then submit your

request, the Mudugudu make a list of eligible

projects which are forward to the cell level. 2.

The cell level consolidates different lists from

villages. 3. The Sector council in charge of

project studies approves your project. In 2

weeks you come back up your project and

fund for the project.




None

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Is there a complaint procedure? There is no formal complaints procedure in

place for this service



The group assisted by Vision 2020 Umurenge

program is regularly trained to save money

and to do investment from their saving.


4. Acquiring direct support in Vision 2020 Umurenge Project


VUP direct support service is given to very

poor people unable to participate in normal

economic activities eg the sick and old

especially in families without a bread earner.

Direct support is based on the village level

and depends on the number of people in the

household. Eg head of the family: 250 frw,

partner; 150 including up to a maximum of 3

dependants each receiving 100 frw per day.

These people are also assisted to form saving




do I go to?






One week from the time the list of

beneficiaries is given to the VUP Sector.


service?

Free service

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What documents are required? * List of the very poor and unable to work

people.


To get direct support from VUP:



their area who cannot engage in work.

*The selected people are sensitized on the

direct support program from VUP.

*The people selected are then given direct

assistance for a period not exceeding six

months.





None




The other group of people assisted is the most

disadvantaged group eg the mentally sick, the

disabled etc whose assistance is continued

beyond six months.

The very sick and disabled are parented to

people who can manage them with direct

support from VUP. These people are also

assisted to get into the saving schemes and

design self help projects.


PARTIAL CONCLUSION

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This chapter was concerning the presentation of our case study which is Rubavu Sector. It has

showed the geographical principal characteristics of Rubavu Sector, socio-economic situation

of Rubavu Sector which has been presented under two aspects; human development sector

and economic development sector. In this chapter, the Administrative structure of Rubavu

Sector has been presented.

In this chapter we presented the Vision 2020 Umurenge Program (VUP) in Rubavu Sector. It

spells out the role of the Vision 2020 Umurenge Program, highlights the services offered and

the requirements therein, lists the service centers at which Vision 2020 Umurenge Program

services can be accessed and the guiding legal instruments.

The next chapter is going to cover the analysis and interpretations of the findings.

CHAPTER THREE: DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

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3.1. Introduction

This chapter presents the data collected on the field, analyses and interpretation of the

findings of the research and related information collected in conjunction with the research

objectives.

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the impact of GIRINKA program (one cow per

family) in poverty reduction and enhancing productivity in Rubavu Sector. In this chapter

both primary and secondary data are analyzed and presented in terms of tables, descriptions,

and percentages.

3.2. Sample Size

The study must consider a sample size that is within the cost constraint but should provide the

ability to detect an independent variable effect (Christensen, 1991: 372). Williamson

(1982:113) comments on the sample size as being a phase of research, which is crucial

because of its major impact on time and money that must go into data collection.

Due to limited resources in terms of money, time and the need for precision of results, it was

impossible to study the whole population.

To determine our sample size, the formula of Alain Bouchard has been used. Thus, given that

our universe is 215, the formula has been used as followed:

nc : sample size

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n : sample size for a defined population of 96

N : Size of our statistic universe (total population)

Using the above formula with our data we have:

Therefore our sample size is composed by 66 persons.

3.3. Characteristics of respondents

3.3.1. Distribution by Age and Sex

Age and Sex as essential characteristics was put into consideration in this study. This was

done in order to obtain information concerning GIRINKA PROGRAM towards poverty

reduction of the population from different age groups and sex. This provides quality data and

it is clearly shown in the table 1 below.

Table1. Distribution of Respondents by Age and Sex

Age Group Male Female Total

20-29 0 0 0

20-39 2 4 6

40-49 12 18 30

50-59 10 16 26

60-69 0 4 4

Above 70 0 0 0

TOTAL 24 42 66Source: primary data

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From the table above, it can be noted that the study considered old and advanced year’s

people. This was done so as to obtain information on the impact of GIRINKA PROGRAM

towards poverty alleviation of the population from all the age groups and sex.

Table 1 indicates that, the majority of respondents were those falling in the age group of 40-

49 years constituting 45.5 % of the sample size. The age group of 20-29 constituted 0 % and

the age of above 71 constituted 0 % of the sample size.

This age group (20-29) is resulting from the fact that most of the people under this group are

still dependents, depending on their parents or guardians so they can manage to benefit from

the PROGRAM. A big number are in the age group of 40-49 years followed by the age

groups of 50-59 years resulting from the fact these two age groups (50-59, 40-49) contain

poor families who keep orphans due to 1994 war and genocide; also are in the active class.

So, they are capable of getting incomes, employment through working and gain from the

PROGRAM. The age group of above 70 years, constitute an inactive group of people who are

weak and hence not able to gain from GIRINKA PROGRAM everyday activities and not

capable of providing physical labor.

This table above shows the distribution of the 66 samples by sex, and shows that 24 which is

36.4% of total respondents were Males and 42 which is 63.6% of the respondents were

Females. It is clear that the number of female respondents were bigger than that of their male

counterparts. These results are from the fact that most of females inhabitant in the Sector lose

their husbands due to consequences of the bloody events of 1994 and migration toward urban

areas so as to search for job generating income.

Furthermore, those females still believe that GIRINKA PROGRAM could improve their

wellbeing in general and help them to better keep their children, orphans as well as to

ameliorate the soil quality in order to generate increase in different items from agricultural

productivity so as to reduce the challenge of malnutrition.

3.3.2. Distribution by marital Status

27

Marital status was also an essential characteristic that was put into consideration in this study.

This was done in order to obtain information from different social set up of the population.

Details are in table 2 below:

Table 2. Distribution by marital status

Status Frequency Percent

Single 18 27.3

Married 20 30.3

Widow (er) 28 42.4

Total 66 100

Source: primary data

The table above shows that the majority of the respondents are widow(er). They account for

about 42.4% of the total sample. About 27.3% of the respondents are single and the rest are

married (30.3%).

In brief the main demographical profile of respondents is widow(er) and mature more than 30

years old.

3.3.3. Distribution by Education level

The levels of education of respondents were also put into consideration to show their impact

and relationship of GIRINKA PROGRAM and wellbeing of the population in general and

poverty reduction in particular.

Details are presented in the table 3 below:

Table 3. Distribution by Education Level

Education level Frequency Percent

Non-formal education 41 62.1

28

Primary school 23 34.9

Secondary school 2 3

High school 0 0

Total 66 100


As indicated in the table 3 above, each respondent category has its level of education that is

different from others. This indicates that all categories of education were taken care of in

studying of GIRINKA PROGRAM, poverty reduction and enhancing productivity in rural

areas.

Majority of the respondents were illiterate comprising of 41 persons constituting 62.1% of the

sample size. Those with primary level were 21 Persons making 34.9 % of the sample size. 2

respondents have secondary education level. Nobody has high level education.

3.3.4. Distribution by Occupation

Occupation was also put into consideration in data collection in order to obtain clear

information concerning agriculture and GIRINKA PROGRAM in the area. The detail is given

in the table 4 below:

Table 4. Distribution by Occupation

Education level Frequency Percent

Farmer 21 31.8

Self-employed 0 0

Seller 3 4.5

Local government employed 0 0

Labor 35 53

Other 7 10.7

Total 66 100

29


The table above shows that 21 respondents (31.8%) are farmers, 3 respondents (4.5%) are

sellers, 35 respondents (53%) are labors and 7 (10.7%) respondents have different

occupations.

A great number of all respondents being farmers and cattle Keepers indicate the reason why

GIRINKA PROGRAM can play a crucial role in improving the socio-economic wellbeing

and reducing poverty in particular for the population inhabitant Rubavu Sector than any other

policy.

3.4. Cow production and management

3.4.1. When were you given a cow?

Table 5. When were you given a cow?

Year Frequency Percent

2006 8 12.1

2007 8 12.1

2008 12 18.2

2009 10 15.2

2010 9 13.6

2011 13 19.7

2012 6 9.1

Total 66 100

The table above shows that many cows have been given in 2011 (19.7%) this is due to the fact

that the numbers of stakeholders in GIRINKA PROGRAM has been increased.

3.4.2. Race / category of cow received

30

In GIRINKA PROGRAM people has received different race of cows. The table 6 below

shows the distribution of cow by race.

Table 6. Race / category of cow received

Race Frequency Percent

Pure Frisonne 16 24.3

Pure Jersey 14 21.2

Mixed (“croisée”) 10 15.2

Ankole 20 30.3

Burun Suisse 6 9

Total 66 100

The table above shows that the race of Ankole is the most given with 30.3% of all the races

followed by Pure Frisonne 24.3% of all the races. Given that Pure Frisonne is the race which

gives a big quantity of milk; this will show the impact of GIRINKA PROGRAM on milk

production.

3.4.3. Possession of a ranch

We wanted to know how many people have a ranch and how their ranches are. The table

below shows the people with a ranch and the quality of their ranches.

Table 7. Possession and quality of ranch

Ranch quality Frequency Percent

Very good 66 100

Good 0 0

Bad 0 0

Total 66 100

31

The table above shows that all respondents have ranches and all their ranches are very good.

This is due to the fact that the Sector after giving a cow they construct a ranch to the

beneficiary.

3.4.4. Quantity of milk produced

We wanted to know how many liters of milk are produced; this production depends on the

race of the cow. Some cows can produce up to 10 liters per day.

3.4.5. Market for cow production

We wanted to know where the beneficiaries of GIRINKA PROGRAM sell their products. The

table 8 below shows the market for cow production of the beneficiaries.

Table 8. Market for production

Market Frequency Percent

Local Markets 32 48.5

Cooperative 4 6.1

Neighbors 28 42.4

Industry / Dairy 0 0

Other 2 3

Total 66 100


This table shows that many beneficiaries sell their products at local markets and neighbors.

None among the beneficiaries sells his products in Industries or dairies, this due to the fact

that there is no dairy or industry in Rubavu Sector.

32

3.5. Rural Development Status

3.5.1. Perception toward Income generating which increases earnings

We wanted to know how many respondents had bank account before they were given a cow and how many people have bank account after they were given a cow. The details are given in the table below:

Table 9. People who had bank account before and after they were given a cow

BEFORE AFTER

Frequency Percent Frequency Percent

Yes 2 3 Yes 42 63.6

No 64 97 No 24 36.4

Total 66 100 Total 66 100

The table above shows that 40 respondents have opened bank accounts after they were given

cows. This show the impact of GIRINKA PROGRAM in increasing income of its

beneficiaries. 36.4% of the respondents has not opened bank account yet, this is due to the

fact that some of them are so far from banks / SACCO and others have a little production.

Source of income and employment were also considered as an essential source of information

in data collection as far as the relationship between GIRINKA PROGRAM and poverty

reduction of the population are concerned. The details are in the table 10 below:

33

Table 10. Income generating activities before and after they were given a cow

BEFORE AFTER

Activity Frequency Percent Activity Frequency Percent

Farming 0 0 Farming 46 69.7

Raise 2 3 Raise 2 3

Selling 1 1.5 Selling 5 7.6

Labor 20 30.3 Labor 12 18.2

None 42 63.6 None 0 0

Other 1 1.5 Other 1 1.5

Total 66 100 Total 66 100Source : Primary data

As illustrated in the above table, before theye were given cows, none of all respondents was

engaged in farming, 3% in raising animals ,30.3% in labor sale, 1.5% in Selling and 63.6 %

had no income generating activity. After they were given cows, as illustrated in the table

above, 69.7% of all respondents is engaged in farming, 3% in raising animals, 18.2% in labor

sale, 7.6% in Selling and 1.5% of the respondents has other income generating activities.

The above two sources of income of respondents (farming and labor) reveal that GIRINKA

PROGRAM is important in this area.

3.5.2. Perception toward Food Security

Table 10. Food condition before and after they were given a cow

BEFORE AFTER

Condition Frequency Percent Condition Frequency Percent

Sufficient 2 3 Sufficient 66 100

34

Insufficient 64 97 Insufficient 0 0

Total 66 100 Total 66 100Source : Primary data

From the above table, among the beneficiaries of GIRINKA PROGRAM in Rubavu Sector

surveyed, 2 % of them rated food condition Sufficient, while 64% of them see that food

condition in their respective households was Insufficient before they were given cows. This

insufficient in food taken per day was supported by the number of meals that they take per

day. All respondent agrees that their meals in take have been increased and ameliorated due to

the intervention of GIRINKA PROGRAM in their area.

3.5.3. Perception toward Basic health

According to respondents' views, the awareness, which measures access to information, was

highly accepted among respondents regarding health. Almost all of respondents said that they

could get access to health information and participate in the campaigns. In this regard, many

activities and group education about health have been undertaken to share information, it also

plays important role changing from the use of traditional treatment like superstitious ways to

scientifically medical treatment.

Inclusion and Participation in health training and services is another measurement of

awareness. According to the interview with the respondents, all respondents use to

participated in HIV/AIDS training and awareness. Impressively 100% of respondents

participated in health activities. They were well aware of the issue and willing to participate

for their own good and their community.

Table 12. Health services rating before and after they were given a cow

BEFORE AFTERRating Frequency Percent Rating Frequency Percent Very poor 35 53 Very poor 0 0Poor 31 47 Poor 0 0Good 0 0 Good 44 66.7Very good 0 0 Very good 22 33.3Total 66 100 Total 66 100

35

Source: Primary data

Table 13. Medical insurance before and after they were given a cow

BEFORE AFTER

Insurance Frequency Percent Insurance Frequency Percent

Yes 12 18.2 Yes 66 100

No 54 81.8 No 0 0

Total 66 100 Total 66 100Source: Primary data

The table above shows that all respondents have insurance medical after they were given

cows while before they were only 18.2% of all the respondents. This reveal the impact of

GIRINKA PROGRAM in health.

3.5.4. Perception toward Education

Table 13. Children schooling before and after they were given a cow

BEFORE AFTER

Schooling Frequency Percent Schooling Frequency Percent

Yes 26 39.4 Yes 51 77.3

No 40 60.6 No 15 22.7

Total 66 100 Total 66 100Source: Primary data

3.5.4. Perception toward Communication

Table 14. Information Communication tools and services used before and after they were given a cow

36

BEFORE AFTER

ICT Tools Frequency ICT Tools Frequency

Radio 12 Radio 42

Fixed Telephone 0 Fixed Telephone 0

Mobile 0 Mobile 10

Television 0 Television 0

Computer 0 Computer 0

Internet 0 Internet 0Source: Primary data

The table above illustrates that before 12 respondents used Radio as CIT tools, none of them

used telephones, television, computer and internet. Now they are 42 respondents with radios

and 10 respondents with mobile phones.

Table 13. Main Sources of lighting energy before and after they were given a cow

BEFORE AFTER

Source Frequency Percent Source Frequency Percent

Candle 46 69.7 Candle 24 36.4

Petroleum 20 30.3 Petroleum 32 48.5

Electricity 0 0 Electricity 9 13.6

Biogas 0 0 Biogas 1 1.5

Total 66 100 Total 66 100

Source: Primary data

The table 13 shows that due to GIRINKA PROGRAM 9 people have electricity and 1 has

biogas as source of energy and lighting.

37

3.6. Analyzing the contribution of GIRINKA PROGRAM in wellbeing of its

beneficiaries

3.6.1. Job opportunities

The research considered motivation as one of the factors that could clearly give information

as far as the relationship between GIRINKA PROGRAM and wellbeing of the population in

particular and poverty reduction in general is concerned. Therefore, respondents revealed that:

GIRINKA PROGRAM motives their members by providing them fertilizer;

It also motives their members by providing loans helping them buying cows;

The GIRINKA PROGRAM again motives their beneficiaries by training them on

modern farming methods, which increased their production capacity.

3.6.2. Income indicators

Despite political upheavals and increasing land pressure, the nutrition is tempered by evidence

of increasing of rural inequality in 1990s. While the least poor households expanded their

access to income through skilled labor, the majority of households retreated into a more

autarkic mode of production focused on key subsistence crops.

The change in crop mix seems to be associated with the improvement in the nutritional status

of children. In order to raise agriculturalist and rural labor’s income to generate opportunities

to earn better incomes outside agriculture, one of the new policies called GIRINKA

PROGRAM has been introduced in rural areas so as to provide new technologies needed for

recapitalization and transformation of the rural economy.

3.6.3. Contribution of GIRINKA PROGRAM in social welfare of its beneficiaries

38

This entails the role plays by the PROGRAM towards the betterment of the beneficiaries in

the area where it operates. It is basically focused on the social necessities that are intended to

promote the welfare of the population.

Linked to the income generated and employment offered by GIRINKA PROGRAM, it is

equally important that the social wellbeing in guaranteed and the ultimate socio-economic

welfare of the members.

Therefore, indicators in health perspective that include nutrition among others create a

platform for analysis and assessment of the PROGRAM’s contribution.

3.6.4. How the program add value to farm gate products

The research had to consider methods used by GIRINKA PROGRAM in adding value to farm

gate products because it could give important information as far as social economic wellbeing

and poverty reduction in general is concerned. According to responses from the Veterinary at

Sector level, methods used include:

Artificial insemination so as to improve cows breed for milk production;

Provision of farm equipment;

Training of Veterinaries personnel (VSF) on the rampant disease like foot and mouth

disease;

They also use fertilizers, manure in reducing the soil exhaustion.

He however stated that some of the achievements benefited by beneficiaries from GIRINKA

PROGRAM include:

To manage to pay school fees for their children;

Increase productivity and income;

To sell at a relatively high price compared to before joining the program;

Health problems reduced.

The research was interested in knowing the wellbeing of beneficiaries of people of the after

joining the program so as to verify the positive impact of GIRINKA PROGRAM toward

39

socio-economic wellbeing and poverty reduction in particular. More details are indicated in

the table 14 below:

Table 14 Classification of respondents according to their socio-economic wellbeing after

joining the PROGRAM

Response Number of respondents % of respondents

Yes (positive impact) 66 100

No (negative impact) 0 0

Total 66 100


From the table 14 above, 66 respondents 100% of sample size revealed that their socio-

economic life positively changed after joining GIRINKA PROGRAM. None of them said that

it had no importance. Therefore, GIRINKA PROGRAM should be emphasized in poverty

reduction in general.

The rate of unemployment and malnutrition were a crucial characteristic in data collection

because they indicate the rate of poverty. The rate of poverty was important in data collection

due to the fact that it is one of the important concepts the researcher was interested in. The

details are in the table 15 below:

Table 15 Classification of respondents in relation to the rate of poverty in the area before

joining the PROGRAM.


Yes 60 91

No 6 9

Total 66 100


40

From the table 15 above, 60 respondents said that the rate of poverty before the functionment

of GIRINKA PROGRAM was very high corresponding to 91% as compared to those who

responded by stating that the rate of poverty was low equivalent to 9%. Therefore, there is a

need for the PROGRAM to solve the problem of poverty.

Table 16 Classification of respondents according to the rate of poverty in the area after

joining the PROGRAM.


Very high 2 3.03

High 2 3.03

Medium 6 9.09

Low 56 84.9

Very low 0 0

Total 66 100


As shown in the table 16 above, 2 respondent who constitute 3.03% of the sample size

revealed that the rate of poverty after joining GIRINKA PROGRAM was very high, 2

respondent reported it being high, 6 respondents who constitute 9.09 % of the sample size

indicated that it was medium, 56 respondents who constitute 84.9 % of the sample size

indicated that poverty is low. For the Researcher, none of the respondents showed that

poverty is very high after joining the PROGRAM. So, from the above information both on

socio-economic wellbeing particularly and poverty reduction in general, one can conclude

that the household crop incremental resulting from GIRINKA PROGRAM and wellbeing of

Rwandan population are inversely related.

3.6.5. The impact of GIRINKA PROGRAM’s activities with regard to wellbeing of

Rubavu Sector population

The impacts of the activities of GIRINKA PROGRAM with regard to wellbeing of the

population are in line with its mission of developing and backing up population’s social

economic development in particular and poverty reduction in general.

41

The researcher states that:

All respondents revealed that GIRINKA PROGRAM ‘s activities have lead to

considerable improvement in the standards of living of the Beneficiaries at household

levels;

The program intended for enabling the population to have access to job and income

etc;

Also the respondents contented that GIRINKA PROGRAM encouraged its

beneficiaries to create small-scale projects and following-up their implementation as

well as assessing their impact on the Beneficiaries’ social cohesion and the

environment in general;

It was further indicated that, through GIRINKA PROGRAM, Beneficiaries have been

able to engage beneficial and profitable small project activities which enable them to

re-invest in developmental activities. From the funds earned, parents who have

children are able to pay school fees and attain family basic needs such as nutrition,

shelter etc;

Beneficiaries further emphasized that before joining the PROGRAM they were not

engaged in any activity that could improve their standard of living but, after joining it

they are introduced in a system of savings that could help them to keep their projects

records which would lead to self-reliance;

Authorities still indicated that Beneficiaries have been encouraged to participate in

meetings and discussions from which they gain knowledge and confidence on their

economic improvement, mutual solidarity and trust;

42

These activities have enabled them to increase their levels of income as well as decrease in

poverty .None of the Beneficiaries revealed that before joining the PROGRAM were

economically good or very good

No respondent among all the Beneficiaries denied the fact that GIRINKA PROGRAM has

improved on their standards of living. The above discussion shows that the activities of

GIRINKA PROGRAM as regards to wellbeing of the population have had a considerable

impact on life of the Beneficiaries as well as that of the population in general.

3.6.6. Rubavu Sector Authorities views on the importance of GIRINKA PROGRAM in

relation to crop incremental

On the question whether Authorities regard GIRINKA PROGRAM as indispensable and

necessary for wellbeing of the population, all the Authorities all of whom were questioned

held the view that the PROGRAM is an essential stakeholder for population development in

the country. In order to justify their stand, the respondents revealed the role of GIRINKA

PROGRAM in relation to crop incremental as below:

GIRINKA PROGRAM works as means through which populations make their

contribution ameliorating their social economic wellbeing and to the development of

the country. On this issue, the Veterinary at Sector level had this to say: “Wellbeing of

the population in a given country cannot take place when the majority of the

population is not actively engaged in all developmental ventures. Therefore, GIRINKA

PROGRAM is necessary because it assists Rwandan population have access to income

so as to handle themselves problems encountered at household level”. Thus, the

population can become actor and able to carry out profit earning activities and

contribute to the development of their families as well as of the national economy due

to the fertilizer from the program.

43

The in-charge of Social Affairs at Sector level asserted that: “GIRINKA PROGRAM is

necessary because it enables the population to get out of misery and stress especially

to traumatized one due to 1994 war and Genocide in Rwanda”. In this context

therefore, the traumatized and other people with the same problem are given cows to

console them so as to increase their productivity, stress and turn back to their normal

life.

The in –charge of Agriculture, livestock, business and promotion of cooperatives at

Sector level noted that:” GIRINKA PROGRAM helps to facilitate economic

empowerment of the population whereby through knowledge and skills, population is

able to design and implement small income generating projects".

Regarding this, there is an increase in agricultural productivity gained through manure

from the PROGRAM.

3.7. The problems encountered by beneficiaries in implementing GIRINKA

PROGRAM’ activities

There are many problems Beneficiaries encounter in executing GIRINKA PROGRAM’

missions as below:

High illiteracy and ignorance rate amongst Beneficiaries is another problem they face.

This affects them to design their projects, evaluate, formulate and monitor their

performance especially to know their monthly income and profits to ensure their

effectiveness ;

Also, heavy household occupation is another problem identified among Beneficiaries.

They contended that this affects them to participate in project activities because most

of their time is spent in family affairs like looking after their children, fetching water

and collecting firewood;

Limited land is another factor that limits the agricultural activities. It mainly affects

Beneficiaries who are engaged in projects that require extensive land for farming and

44

cultivation. In addition, the Beneficiaries who are involved in art and craft projects

lack enough raw materials for their trade;

Respondents further stressed that another problem they face is uncertain climatic

conditions caused by natural hazards. They revealed that crops are destroyed

whenever there are unpredictable climatic changes. However, as mentioned by the

Veterinary at Sector level, this problem has been solved by sensitizing the

Beneficiaries to plant their crops at early planting seasons.

It can therefore be deduced from the above arguments that although GIRINKA PROGRAM

offers support to Beneficiaries for the execution of their development initiatives, they still

encounter a series of problems; sustainable wellbeing of the population would largely depend

on how appropriate these problems are solved.

3.7.1. Problems GIRINKA PROGRAM faces in rendering its services

According to the Veterinary at Sector level, GIRINKA PROGRAM faces several problems in

its efforts to promote the population’s wellbeing and these include:

GIRINKA PROGRAM conducts its activities in a socio-economic environment which

is affected by the consequences of the 1994 war and Genocide whereby Survivors had

no hope for existence;

The PROGRAM faces the problem of logistical and technical assistance. Technical

problems include lack of enough materials and funds to finance all its development

projects;

Low financial capacity;

Low level of Beneficiaries’ entrepreneurship;

Lack of enough skilled human resources;

Lack of basic materials to use like enough stable offices and accounting and

management principles to effectively utilize their finance;

45

The Veterinary revealed that delay by the Donors to release funds is another problem

the program meets in rendering its services to its Beneficiaries.

3.7.2. Strategies proposed to overcome the above mentioned problems

Although the problems are still inflicting a great negative impact on population wellbeing in

the country, the Veterinary of Rubavu Sector stressed the following as strategies to overcome

some of these problems:

To solve the problem of limited capacity, funds continue to be mobilized from

different stakeholders for example local and INGOs and government of particularly

MINAGRI. This will enable the PROGRAM to promote population’s wellbeing

initiatives;

The PROGRAM will continue to offer training sessions to improve on the skills of the

Authorities and Beneficiaries as far as the management of the small-scale development

projects is concerned;

The problem of Beneficiaries who failed to breed the cows offered by GIRINKA

PROGRAM is being solved by obliging Beneficiaries to return back the cow and

Authorities give it to other person who is able to keep it properly.

3.7.3. Hypothesis testing

GIRINKA PROGRAM according to the research was proved to have an impact on the

poverty reduction and enhancing productivity in rural areas of Rwanda, justified by the fact

that social and economic wellbeing aims at improving the standards of life of the individuals.

Therefore, It was found that GIRINKA PROGRAM has improved the wellbeing of its

beneficiaries in Rubavu Sector of Rubavu District as revealed by 100% of respondents (see

table 13).

It was also found that GIRINKA PROGRAM can reduce the poverty problem as revealed by

84.9% of respondents (see table 15). In addition, GIRINKA PROGRAM has been proved to

46

be a solution to better standards of living of its Beneficiaries as revealed by 91% of the

respondents (see table 10). Furthermore, it is revealed that the following hypothesis :

- GIRINKA program (one cow per family) contributes in poverty reduction in Rubavu

Sector.

- GIRINKA program (one cow per family) has an impact in enhancing productivity in

Rubavu Sector.

Are confirmed.

GENERAL CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

1. GENERAL CONCLUSION

The purpose of this research was to demonstrate the impact of GIRINKA program (one cow

per family) in poverty reduction and enhancing productivity in rural areas in general and in

Rubavu Sector in particular.

Based on the purpose of this research the main objectives of the study were:

- To review whether GIRINKA program do contribute to poverty reduction and enhance

productivity in rural areas.

- To demonstrate GIRINKA program

- To make recommendation

On the first objective upon the contribution of GIRINKA PROGRAM to poverty reduction of

its beneficiaries, the researcher concluded that to a big extent the PROGRAM has managed to

achieve its set objectives. In this regard, GIRINKA PROGRAM beneficiaries have benefited

in acquiring manure for fertilizing poor soil, amelioration in child malnutrition, shelter,

housing, clothes, and school fees as well as fund for health insurance is concerned etc.

On the second objective about the contribution of GIRINKA PROGRAM on beneficiaries’

social and economic wellbeing, the researcher concluded that income and employment

opportunities for the few years the PROGRAM has spent in operation, satisfactory

47

achievements have been registered since beneficiaries earn income from personal output and

being employed.

On the third objective where the researcher was set to investigate the extent to which the

PROGRAM has been able to poverty reduction, basing on the PROGRAM performance since

2006, it has improved beneficiaries’ incomes, provision of employment opportunities and

learning model to other programs about how they can improve their social and economic

wellbeing and reduce poverty.

From all the contributions, benefits and advantages that the PROGRAM offers to its

beneficiaries, farmers in the PROGRAM stands have better chance of developing socially and

economically than those not in the PROGRAM.

Regarding income and employment, the researcher found out that GIRINKA PROGRAM

with the support of its donors has contributed to its beneficiaries’ social economic wellbeing

as far as poverty reduction is concerned.

This is evidenced in table 13 on the comparison of population’s poverty before the

establishment of GIRINKA PROGRAM and in table 10 illustrating their occupation after

joining the PROGRAM. It was also found out that, income of beneficiaries of the PROGRAM

increased compared to those of non members whom they shared the same level of living

conditions. On the other hand, it was revealed that the PROGRAM also availed healthy

employment opportunities to both members and non beneficiaries to a limited extent and

allowed them to social cohesion.

It was further found out that a lot has been achieved as far as increase in agricultural

productivity, health, reduction of malnutrition and education are concerned. The PROGRAM

is particularly known to offer facilitation in developmental programs like trainings, meetings

and study tours on modern agriculture and environmental protection.

Furthermore, findings were also highlighted that the achievements of GIRINKA PROGRAM

have reached better extent, in as far as improving the wellbeing of its beneficiaries in the

48

context of fighting or reducing poverty and thus, becomes a social and economic model of

population’s wellbeing.

However, the problems encountered in implementation of GIRINKA PROGRAM were low

capital, illiteracy of its beneficiaries, and lack of natural resources to extend some of the

activities using manure as fertilizer, low land and climatic conditions.

2. Recommendations

Approaches to managing policies particularly GIRINKA PROGRAM should facilitate

people’s livelihood. After collection, analyzing and interpretation of the data, the researcher

came up with the following recommendations:

- The GIRINKA PROGRAM should always be in a position to using technological know-

how in its daily operations. This is in line with curbing down the issue of competition from

both local, regional and foreigner diary industries.

- GIRINKA PROGRAM should be promoted so as to provide a broader basis of reducing

poverty in Rwanda. This would automatically increase the purchasing power people and thus,

ultimate growth and development of the country.

- GIRINKA PROGRAM should endeavor to work hand in hand with the local Leaders so as

to sensitize individuals a system that should be designed to ensure efficient information flow

right from the grassroots to top management and management to grassroots (from top to

bottom and bottom to top).

- GIRINKA PROGRAM should join hands with other policies so as to have an increased

bargaining power from the Government. This in turn, should be assessed by the government

of Rwanda by focusing on the impact of the PROGRAM and other influencing policies on

population or examining their feasibility and consistency with other development objectives.

49

- Low education is one of the factors that hinder development particularly population’s

wellbeing and good performance of GIRINKA PROGRAM implementation. Therefore, the

government of Rwanda should provide rural population with selected seeds, modern breeds of

cattle and fertilizers so as to increase on production. In addition, with increased agricultural

production, producers can be able to sustain themselves through liquid cash. Furthermore, due

to well trained personnel, the little arable land and available soil would be utilized and

managed effectively.

3. Suggestions for further research

This study focused on GIRINKA PROGRAM and poverty reduction in rural areas. It

therefore focused on social economic wellbeing such as income, employment opportunities,

nutrition, agricultural productivity improvement and other social and economic wellbeing of

the PROGRAM beneficiaries.

Then, other researchers should give a supportive arm so as to shade light on what could

otherwise be vital as far as wellbeing of Rwandan population is concerned. It is also

suggested that future researchers should focus on the following areas:

The role of GIRINKA PROGRAM in raising agricultural development of rural people;

GIRINKA PROGRAM and socio-economic development in Rwandan rural areas;

50

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Chapter 2&3 e-banking

Documents

Transcript of Chapter 2&3 e-banking