Chapter 22

States of matter

Section 1 – matter

Section 2 – Changes of State

***Matter is made of atoms

Atoms form chemical bonds to make matter

**** Atoms vibrate constantly

States of Matter is a physical property

What are four different states

of Matter?

• The plasma state occurs at very high temperatures and is found in lightning, in stars….

• The Sun is plasma

• Plasma is found in the universe, but is not common on Earth.

• Plasma is found in neon lights

**Definition of Plasma**

* gas consisting of positive ions and free

electrons . It is possible for a substance to

turn into plasma typically at low pressures

(as in the upper atmosphere) or at very

high temperatures (as in stars and the

sun).

Can water turn into the plasma

state of matter?

Plasma of water means that you will have free

electrons, water vapor positive ions (H2O+),

and also other positive ions

like OH+, O+, and H+

To create such conditions you will have to heat

the water to at least 11726.9 degrees C

**To understand the states of matter we

need to review:

• Temperature – measures the average kinetic

energy of the molecules of an object –

basically how fast the molecules are moving

• Thermal energy – is the total energy of the

molecules in a substance. It is a type of kinetic

energy because it depends on the movement

of molecules. If the molecules move faster,

they have more thermal energy.

• Heat – the movement of thermal energy from

one object to another. (in which direction does

heat flow?)

1) How close are the molecules in the solid?

2) What will happen to the molecules if I add

heat to the system?

3) What happens if I add even more heat??

4) what is the conclusion we reach about the

effect of heat on state of matter????

**** Heat and state of matter

• The addition of heat to a substance

increases the speed of the atoms and

molecules, which will eventually alter the

substances state of matter.

• Removing heat from a substance

decreases the speed of the atoms and

molecules , which can also alter the

state of matter.

**States of Matter Solids Liquids Gases Plasma Video

Lesson and Example Education Portal

MadsenScience

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KsnfQJkKX6k

What is plasma?

UM News Service

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LZI8nfA_zsA

Work due tom

• Read the textbook – Chapter 22 section 1

• Make a chart with the states of matter

• Include:

a) definition of a solid, a liquid or a gas

b) the properties of each state of matter – what

shape they can assume, how much the vibrate, if

they have shape, they are rigid or not…

c) a drawing that compares all 3 states of matter

States of Matter – Check your chart

Movement of the atoms and molecules increase

from left to right.

The atoms and molecules of a gas will spread, occupy the

volume of the whole container

States of Matter - Comparison

What happens to the space in between the

atoms?????? Why?

The space increases from left to right.

Solids: can be crystalline solids or not

Comparison of an amorphous(a) and a

crystalline (b) structure

Repeating patternRandom arrangement

• Textbook page 656: Self – check

questions 1 thru 4.

Class Lab: Graphing the changes in the

states of matter of distilled water

• Add def of melting point and boiling

point.

NOTES Class Lab: Graphing the

changes in the states of matter of

distilled water

• Volunteers will help measure the temperature of crushed ice in a

beaker, under a source of heat, which will melt into a liquid and

will evaporate into a solid.

• Students will understand how heat affects state of matter

• All students will record the values and build a table and a graph.

• Students will observe that the graph has platforms, in which the

state of matter id changing, but the temperature is constant. This

means that the energy given to the system is being used in the

change of state and not to increase the temperature of the

substance

*The state of matter of a substance depends on:

a) the temperature and the pressure being applied to the substance, which will determine the motion of its atoms and molecules

b) the strength of the attraction between the atoms

**Effect of temperature

** Def of Pressure

• Pressure is force exerted on a surface

per unit area.

Effect of pressure

Effect of Pressure and

Temperature

• You can change gas into a liquid or a

solid using pressure or temperature.

• Sometimes you need both!

• oxygen will solidify at -218 Celsius at a

normal atmospheric pressure.

• If you increase the atmospheric pressure,

oxygen will solidify at a higher

temperature.

Melting point and boiling point are physical properties

What is melting point and boiling point?

Physical Properties

*Melting point is the temperature at which a solid becomes a liquid

*Boiling point is the temperature at which a substance in the liquid state becomes a gas.

Physical Properties

*That is why the boiling and melting point can help to identify a substance.

* If you know the boiling points and melting points of substances, you can classify the substances based on those properties. EX????

****Each pure substance has a unique boiling

point and melting point at a certain atmospheric

pressure.

Examples

What is the substance that boils at 100

degrees Celsius ?

WATER!!!!!

Change in Physical State Diagram.

Complete the diagram below using the following

terms: condensation, sublimation, freezing,

melting, deposition, evaporation.

Add arrows from one state of matter to another

and write the name change in state

Check your work

• Deposition is a thermodynamic process,

a phase transition in which gas

transforms into solid without passing

through the liquid phase. The reverse of

deposition is sublimation and hence

sometimes deposition is called

desublimation.

Labs

• 1) The effect of solutes on the freezing

point of water ( homework)

• 2) Graphing the changes in states of

matter ( handout)