CHAPTER 22

Nationalism and Realism

Napoleon III

Revolution of 1848 resulted in new constitution, a president, and universal suffrage

Louis Napoleon, “Napoleon the Small” Restored national suffrage, asked the

people to reelect him for a term of 10 years, then asked to restore the empire

Controlled armed forces, police, civil service, introduce legislation, declare war

Encouraged industrial growth, roads, trains, Paris

Responded to criticism by liberalizing government Legalized trade unions Granted right to strike

French in Mexico

France sent troops to dominate Mexican markets

British and Spanish removed their troops after Mexican-American War

Napoleon III appointed Archduke Maximilian of Austria “emperor” of Mexico

May 5, 1862: smaller Mexican force beat French in Puebla

May, 1867: Maximilian executed

Crimean War (1854-1856)

Who would capitalize on the decline of the Ottoman Empire? Russia’s proximity and religious bonds makes obvious

choice Other European powers feared Russian ambitions

Ottomans declared war on Russia in Oct. 1853 Britain and France declared war in March Feared Russia would control the Dardanelles

Poorly planned and fought Britain/France attacked Russia’s Crimean Peninsula and

took Bessarabia Nicholas I died, Alexander II sued for peace, Black Sea

declared neutral

Sale of Commissions

Lord Cardigan paid £40,000 for the Colonelcy of the

stylish 11th Hussars.

Effects of Crimean War

250,000 died – many from Cholera Florence Nightingale saved many with

“sanitary conditions” Broke up long-standing power

relationships Destroyed Concert of Europe Austria (who remained neutral) enemies

with Russia now Russia and Britain pull back from

continental affairs

Italian Unification

1850: Austria still dominant power Count Camillo di Cavour- PM of Piedmont

Pursued economic expansion, building roads, etc Used money to equip army Allied with Napoleon III to drive Austrians out France would receive Nice and Savoy as thanks

Giuseppe Garibaldi – Italian patriot Raised army of “Red Shirts,” attacked Bourbons

in Sicily Two Sicilies fell, Cavour cut off Garibaldi’s

anticipated attack on Rome (which would have pulled in France)

Italian Unification

“Kingdom of Italy” Plebiscites issued and the

Papal States and Two Sicilies united with Piedmont on March 17,1861

King Victor Emmanuel II Venetia still held by Austria Rome under papal control,

supported by French Austrian-Prussian war of

1866 gave Venetia and Rome to the Kingdom of Italy

September 20, 1870: Rome becomes capital

AP EURO Mustache of

the Year Nominee

German Unification

Otto von Bismarck Prime Minister of Prussia REALPOLITIK: politics based in

practicality, not theories or ideals Always made sure Prussia would

only be fighting one power DANISH WAR (1864) Prussia and

Austria won Schleswig and Holstein, created conflict between two powers

AUSTRO-PRUSSIAN WAR (1866) – won Venetia's freedom, but didn’t punish Austrians, created North German Confederation

German Unification

FRANCO-PRUSSIAN WAR (1870-71) Bismark edited a letter to insult

France Prussia dominated France Napoleon III captured – deposed

Third Republic begins! France gave up Alsace and

Lorraine Southern German Confederation

joined Northern Confederation to make German state

January 18, 1871

Hall of Mirrors in Versailles William I (with Bismark at his feet)

crowned Kaiser (emperor) of the Second German Empire Achieved by Prussian monarchy &

military Germany merged into Prussia

Unease: “I am no devotee of Mars; I feel more attached to the goddess of beauty and the mother of graces than the powerful god of war” German unification meant

authoritarian, militaristic values over liberal, constitutional sentiments

AUSTRIA- from Authoritarian to Dualism

1848: serfdom abolished 1850: rise of industrial middle class 1859: Francis Joseph (1848-1916) established a

REICHSRAT (parliament) with nominated upper house and elected lower house Imperfect: ensured German majority, alienated Hungarians

1867: AUSGLEICH (compromise) created Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary Each part of empire had a constitution, bicameral legislature,

capital (Vienna & Buda – later Budapest) Francis Joseph united two as emperor of Austria and Kind of

Hungary, shared army and finances Did not satisfy other minorities (Poles, Croats, Czechs, Serbs,

etc)

Russia – backwardness lead to reforms

March 3, 1861: Alexander II emancipated serfs Government provided land for peasants but nobles

kept best, arable, land. Peasants expected to pay back government for land

MIR: village commune, collectively responsible for repayment to government -- tied peasants to land

Alexander Herzen (1812-1870)- Russian exile in London “Land and Freedom” believed peasant communes could be self-governing body POPULISM: aim to create a new society through

revolutionary acts of peasants Some Populists turned to violence: assassinated

Alexander II in 1881

Considered “Good Czar Alexander in Finland

for helping them elevate their language

and gain autonomy from Sweden

Also considered the Tsar-Liberator in

Bulgaria for fighting the Ottomans and liberating Bulgaria

for the 1st time since 14th century

Victorian Age

Liberal parliamentary system brought social and political reforms coupled with economic growth and improvements for working class

Queen Victoria (1837-1901) Longest reign in British history Duty and moral respectability reflected values of age

Tories “Conservatives,” Whigs “Liberals” Benjamin Disraeli: (conservative) Reform Act of 1867

lowered monetary requirements for voting and enfranchised many urban males

William Gladstone (liberal) Education Act of 1870 Made elementary schools available for all children

Marxism

By the 1870s, industrialization was full “steam” ahead on the Continent railroad stimulated growth in iron and coal elimination of international trade barriers

opened up the waterways Joint-Stock Investment Banks mobilized

capital for investment Capitalist factory owners had control over

hiring and firing and unions were largely ineffective

Marx and Marxism

The Communist Manifesto – 1848 Karl Marx: PhD in Philosophy, couldn’t teach due to

atheism, moved to Paris as a writer Friedrich Engels: worked in father’s factory in

England, wrote The Conditions of the Working Class in England which described “wage slavery” of working class

Proletariat: the industrial working class Should rise up, overthrow bourgeois masters Form a dictatorship to reorganize the means of production Classless society would emerge “the proletarians have nothing to lose but their chains…

working men of all countries, UNITE!”

Capital: the motivating

force of Capitalism is

exploitation of labor

A new age of Science

Louis Pasteur- germ theory of disease PASTEURIZATION – heating a product to stop

spoilage Vaccination against rabies

Dmitri Mendeleyev- classified elements by atomic weights

Michael Faraday- electromagnetic induction, foundation for electricty

MATERIALISM: everything mental, spiritual, or ideal was simply a result of physical forces Truth was to be found in concrete material existence,

not through feeling or intuition

Darwin (1809-1882)

Naturalist on the HMS Beagle in 1831 Discarded notion of special creation NATURAL SELECTION: plants and

animals pass on traits that help the survive “survival of the fittest”

On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1859)

ORGANIC EVOLUTION: all plants and animals have evolved over a long period of time A struggle for existence, with one

individual, against the whole species, or with physical conditions of life, leads to adaptation

Realism

Wanted to portray ordinary characters from real life rather than Romantic heroes in unusual settings

Avoided flowery sentimental language Less poetry, more prose and novel

Madame Bovary (1857) – a woman wrapped up in Romantic ideals eventually succumbs to suicide

Vanity Fair: a Novel Without a Hero (1848) Charles Dickens (1812-1870)

Francois Millet’s, The Gleaners,

Bonjour, Monsieur Gustav Courbet, 1854.

Gustave Courbet The Stone Breakers 1849