Chapter 22 Foreign Policy

22.1 Conducting Foreign Relations

Goals of U.S. Foreign Policy

With advancements in communication, trade, and technology, the nations of the world have become interdependent (reliant) on each other

These nations must cooperate. The plan that a country follows for interacting with other countries is called foreign policy.

Goals of U.S. Foreign Policy

Forming U.S. foreign policy is very complex. There are 5 main goals of U.S. foreign policy:• Maintaining national

security• Supporting democracy• Promoting world peace• Providing aid to people

in need• Establishing open

trade

The President’s Power

• Article II Section 2 of the Constitution gives the President authority to conduct the nation’s foreign relations. The President’s powers include:• Utilizing the Military,

Treaty-making, and Diplomatic power

The President’s Powers

• As Commander in Chief, the President can order the military into action. The War Powers Act states that the President has the authority to send troops anywhere in the world for 60 days, without Congressional approval. Only Congress can declare war.

The President’s Powers• A treaty is written agreement between two

nations.• With the advice and consent of the Senate, the

President has the power to make three types of treaties: • Peace treaties- agreements to end war

• Alliance treaties- agreements between countries to help each other

• Commercial treaties- agreements between countries to trade with one another

The President’s Powers

• Aside from treaties, the President can make an executive agreement between countries, which is a mutual understanding.

• The President has the power of diplomatic recognition; he may recognize or establish official relations with a foreign government. Ambassadors are sent to these countries.

The Foreign Policy Bureaucracy

• The President has help with foreign policy from his Cabinet Departments:• Department of State- carries out U.S. foreign policy through

ambassadors and consuls• Department of Defense- advises the President on troop movement,

weapon development, etc.

Secretary of StateJohn Kerry

Secretary of Defense

Leon Panetta

The Foreign Policy Bureaucracy• American citizens can also impact foreign

relations by promoting international peace through participation in the Peace Corps. They work to improve schools, health, business, technology etc in other countries.

Congress Provides a Balance

The Senate must approve all treaties between the U.S. and other countries by a two-thirds (2/3) vote

Only Congress has the power to declare war

Both houses of Congress must approve all expenditures of public funds (spending for national defense)

22.2 Working for Peace

Diplomacy and Alliances

• The process of conducting relations between countries is called diplomacy.- A Diplomat is an official representing a country abroad

• Diplomacy is used to prevent war, negotiate an end to conflicts, solve problems, and establish communication between countries

• International relations is the study of relationships among different countries

Diplomacy and Alliances

• Ambassadors are the highest ranking officials representing a government in a foreign country • An embassy is the official residence of

an ambassador in a foreign country

Diplomacy and Alliances

• An alliance is an agreement in which two or more countries commit to helping each other for defense, economic, scientific, or other reasons.

- two countries that have friendly relations are

allies

Diplomacy and Alliances

• Presidents also use personal diplomacy, called a summit, which is a meeting between the leaders of two or more countries to discuss issues that concern those countries • President Franklin D.

Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill had a summit discussing a three way alliance during World War II

Diplomacy and Alliances

• One of the main goals of U.S. foreign policy is to promote peace and stability. The U.S. forms alliances for defense as a way to promote peace.

Diplomacy and Alliances

• In 1848, the U.S. and most countries in Latin America formed the Organization of American States (OAS). The goal is mutual defense and the peaceful settlement disputes among member countries.

• NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) is perhaps the most important security alliance formed by the U.S. and its allies. In 1949, they wanted to establish a united front against aggression by the Soviet Union and its communist allies. Now countries aid the organization in military expenses and peace keeping operations

Forms of Foreign Aid

Foreign aid is any government program that provides economic or military assistance to another country.

Many international organizations and individual countries provide foreign aid.• The U.S. first gave

large amounts of foreign aid during and after World War II.

Major International Organizations• Non-Governmental Organizations/ International Non-

Governmental Organizations (NGO/INGO) Private organizations that pursue activities to relieve suffering, promote the interests of the poor, protect the environment, provide basic social services, or undertake community development. These operate independently from any government and maintain their non-governmental status by excluding government representatives from membership in the organization.

Major International Organizations

• International Red Cross/ Red Crescent-an international humanitarian movement with approximately 97 million volunteers, members and staff worldwide which was founded to protect human life and health.

• United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF)- a United Nations Program headquartered in New York City, that provides long-term humanitarian and developmental assistance to children and mothers in developing countries.

Impacting Foreign TradeCountries of the Pacific Rim compete with

the U.S. in the buying and selling of goods.• Those countries include Australia, China,

Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, New Zealand, the Philippines, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan.

Organizations that Promote Foreign Trade

• The success of these countries has had a huge effect on the U.S. balance of trade. • The balance of trade is the difference in the value

between a country’s exports and imports over a period of time

• Economic Unions among other countries also challenge the U.S. position in the global economy. For example, the European Union.

Organizations that Impact Foreign Trade

• Foreign competition has led the U.S. to seek ways to improve its position in the global economy. • The U.S. signed the North American Free Trade

Agreement (NAFTA) , which allows free trade among the U.S., Canada, and Mexico.

• APEC (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Group)- promotes cooperation among Asian and Pacific countries when it comes to trade

• WTO (World Trade Organization)- Supervises international trade

Organizations that Impact Foreign Trade

• WTO and NAFTA are expected to help American consumers and producers in the long run.

• Opponents fear the U.S. will relocate factories and other manufacturing operations to other countries for cheaper labor and material

• Supporters say it will help the country gain greater access to foreign markets and lead to increased growth in the U.S. economy.