Chapter 21: The Modern World: 1800-1945 fin... · Chapter 21: The Modern World: 1800-1945 ... •...

PART FIVE

Chapter 21: The Modern World: 1800-1945

Key Topics and Art Periods for this chapter include:

• Neoclassicism and Romanticism

• Realism

• Impressionism

• Post-Impressionism

• America in the 19th century

• Fauvism, Expressionism, Cubism

• Fantasy and Futurism

• Dada and Surrealism

• Between the Wars: Building New Societies

© 2013, McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

Key Terms for this chapter include:

• Salon, Salon des Refuses, Salon d’Automne

• Pointillism

• Avant-Garde

• Die Brucke

• Der Blaue Reiter

• Ready-mades

• Poetic Object

• Constructivism

• De Stijl

• Bauhaus

• Harlem Renaissance


The Modern World: 1800-1945

Driven by technological progress and rapid changes,

the 19th century spawned our industrialized modern

middle-class culture of mass production, mass

advertising, mass consumption, and mass leisure

activities such as shopping, entertainment, and visiting

art museums. Art was for everyone, not dominated by

church or nobility. Debates about art and wide audience

caused definition of art to be questioned yielding --

isms.

• Art museums were developed in the 19th century. First

national museum was Louvre in Paris. Art just for royalty

was placed on exhibit.


Neoclassicism

Neoclassical style evolved during Napoleon’s

empire and continued on after he fell from power.

It was felt that great art could only be made from

great subject matter like history and the Bible.

•Neoclassicism is characterized by clear contours, clean

colors, and precise draftsmanship.

•The foremost Neoclassical painters were David and

Ingres.


Insert visual(s).

Suggestion: 21.1 Jupiter and Thetis

Jupiter and Thetis, Jean Auguste-Dominique

Ingres, 1811 Jacques Louis David

(Oath of Horatii) was

court painter for

Napoleon and went

into exile when

Napoleon fell from

power. David was

supporter of revolution,

His student, Ingres

continued Neo-classic

style.

Based on

Homer’s Illiad.

Nymph Thetis

pleads with

ruler of gods to

intervene on

war on behalf

of her son,

Achilles.

Jealous wife

Juno looks on.

Known for flawless

finish and clean

edges. Felt

greatest subject

for art was history.

(Classical

mythology and

biblical scenes).

Known as

academic art.

Romanticism

The Romantic artists rebelled against the ”Age

of Reason” instead urging the use of emotion,

intuition, individual experience, and imagination

within artwork. Not so much a style but set of

attitudes.

•These artists glorified landscapes, picturesque ruins,

the struggle for liberty, and exotic cultures.

•The work of the artists Delacroix and Goya

characterize Romanticism.


Insert visual(s).

Suggestion: 21.2 The Women of Algiers

The Women of Algiers,Eugene

Delacroix , 1834 Closest exotic

culture to Europe

were Islamic

lands of North

Africa. Viewed the

“Orient” as

sensuous and

seductive, full of

barbaric splendor.

Delacroix spent

several months in

North Africa and

visited harem.

Brushtrokes rich

and edges broken

compared to

Ingres clean-

edged approach.

Realism

Realism was a reaction against both

Neoclassicism and Romanticism. Artists

sought to depict the everyday and the

ordinary for their subjects. First movement

born in 19th century.

•Artists were trying to make the point that

everyday activities were fit subjects for grand-

scale art.

•Courbet was a leading Realist painter. © 2013, McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

Insert visual(s).

Suggestion: 21.3 A Burial at Ornans

A Burial at Ornans, Gustave Courbet, 1849-50, Group portrait of Ornans society. Some thought artist pushed ugly way too

far. Painting was too large to be full of nobodies.

Manet and Impressionism

In 19th-century France the mark of an artist’s

success was acceptance into the annual juried

Salon. In 1863, the jury rejected almost 3000

submitted works. This caused the rejected

artists and their supporters to mount a second

official exhibition called the “Salon des

Refusés”.

•A leader of the Impressionist movement was Manet.

His painting, Luncheon of the Grass, is a touchstone for

modern art.


Insert visual(s).

Suggestion: 21.4 Le Dejeuner sur l’herbe

Le Dejeuner sur l’herbe (Luncheon on the

Grass), Edouard Manet. 1863

Manet’s 2 goals:

1. Paint modern

life.

2. Update 2

Renaissance

images as

parody.

Critics outraged

Thought he has

trying to gain fame

by shocking

people. Manet

focused on low

and high values

making figures flat.

Triangular comp,

inaccurate scale.

Impressionism

Impressionism aimed to capture an

“impression”; artists did not want to

portray a literal landscape but the

sensation of a landscape.

•The new availability of portable tubed oil colors

allowed artists to paint outdoors and steam engine

allowed them to travel to new locations to paint.

•Many Impressionists concentrated on light and its

transitory nature.

•Monet, Degas, Renoir, and Morisot are other well-

known Impressionist artists. © 2013, McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

Autumn Effect on Argenteuil, Claude Monet, 1873 Siene River was popular painting spot for artists

Summer’s Day, Berthe Morisot,

1879

Post-Impressionism

Post-Impressionism refers to a diversity of

artists that came after Impressionism. They

carried forward the Impressionist bright palette

and direct painting techniques. Some of these

artist include Seurat, Degas, Van Gogh,

Gauguin, and Cezanne.

• Pointillism Technique: A form of Impressionism

developed by the artist Seurat; dots and dashes of

color are optically blended when viewed.


Insert visual(s).

Suggestion: 4.31 Evening, Honfleur

Post-Impressionism

• Some Post-Impressionists like Gauguin felt a

need to escape the industrialized world, so they

traveled to un-urbanized areas. He focused on

expressing a spirituality in his art.

• Cezanne felt that what had made painting great

in the past were structure and order. As a result,

his work grew increasingly abstract, profoundly

affecting future artists.


Insert visual(s).

Suggestions:

21.8 Te Aa No Areois

21.9 Mont Sainte-Victoire

Te Aa No Areois

(The See of Aeroi),

Paul Gauguin, 1892 Traveled to Tahiti to avoid

“disease of civilization.”

High-keyed colors, flattened

shapes. Abandoned classic

art but looked to Egypt,

Islam, and Asia for renewal.

Unknown gesture. Felt

missionaries and colonists

had already ruined Tahiti.

Mont Sainte-Victoire, Paul Cezanne, 1902-4

Appreciated

Impressionists color

palette and

brushstrokes.

Questioned their

casual compositions.

Wanted structure and

order. Painted

mountain 75 times.

Used patches of

colors. Paintings

became more

abstract. Bridge to

Cubism

Bridging the Atlantic:

America in the 19th Century

Neoclassicism, Romanticism, Realism, and

Impressionism were broad trends in

America.

•Artists traveled both to and from Europe for

study and new opportunities.

•The American artists Bingham, Cole, Eakins,

and Cassatt represented a variety of styles.


Insert visual(s).

Suggestion: 21.10 Fur Traders Descending the Missouri

Fur Traders Descending the Missouri, George

Caleb Bingham, 1845.

In America,

Romanticism was

expressed through

landscape,

reverence for

unspoiled land. First

American painter to

lwork west of

Mississippi River.

Mysterious bear

cub.

The Boating Party, Mary Cassatt,

1893-94

Shows Cassatt’s

artistic liberation.

Bold, simplified

forms and flat

colors mimic

Japanese prints.

Into the 20th Century:

The Avant-Grade

• Avant-Garde: A French term originally

referring to the detachment of soldiers

that went first into battle; for young artists

it referred to the “battle’’ to advance the

progress of art against the resistance of

conservative forces.


Freeing Color: Fauvism

In 1903 a group of young artists, later called “Fauves”, founded the Salon d’Automne as a progressive alternative to the “Salon”.

•Fauves: Means the “wild beasts”. The artist Matisse was a leader in this movement.

•Fauvism: The freeing of color, using it as an independent expressive element.


Insert visual(s).

Suggestion: 21.14 Black Lines No. 189

The Joy of Life, Henri Matisse,

1905-6.

Demonstrates harmony and

well-being. Color was Matisse’s

paradise.

Freeing Color: Expressionism Expressionism describes any style where the artist’s subjective feelings take precedence over objective observation. It specifically refers to an art movement that developed in Germany in the early 20th century.

•Die Brücke (“The Bridge’’): Founded in Dresden 1905; the artists wanted to build a “bridge” through their art to a better, more enlightened future. One of the founders was the artist Kirchner.

•Der Blaue Reiter (“The Blue Rider’’): Organized in 1911 by the Russian painter Kandinsky. He believed that spirituality and art were linked.


Black Lines No. 189, Wassilly Kandinsky, 1913

Der Blaue Reiter (“The Blue Rider’’) Changed profession from lawyer to artist. Idea that art and spirituality are linked.

“Color is the

keyboard, the

eyes are the

hammers, the

soul is the

piano and with

many strings.”

Shattering Form: Cubism

Cubism fragmented the figures and other

elements into flat planes. With Cubism, the

sum of all viewpoints could be painted.

•The leading Cubists were Picasso and Braque.

•As the movement progressed artists incorporated

other elements such as newspaper, wallpaper, and

fabric into their artwork thus merging the “real’’ with

the “not real’’.


Insert visual(s).

Suggestions:

21.15 Les Desmoiselles d’Avignon

21.16 Le Portugais

Les Desmoiselles d’Avignon,Picasso, 1907 -

Le Portugais ( The Emigrant), Georges Braque, 1911-12

Fantasy and Futurism

New artistic innovators believed that art

would only move forward through exploring

new subjects.

•Futurists decided that motion itself was the new

glory of the 20th century, and sought to depict it

in their art. Boccioni was one of the futurist

artists.


Insert visual(s).

Suggestion: 21.19 Unique Forms of Continuity in Space

Unique Forms of Continuity

in Space, Umberto Boccioni,

1913, Futurist art, machine

reference.

The Disquieting Muses, Giorgio de

Chirico,1916. Resembles motionless

dream. Fantasy art

World War I and After: Dada

Dada was a protest art movement that

literally meant “anti.” It started in protest

against WWI and the aftermath of society.

•Some of the most controversial works to come

out of the Dada period were the ready-mades.

•Ready-mades: Invented by the artist Du

Champ; artwork that he did not create but

designated as works of art.


Insert visual(s).

Suggestion: 21.21 Fountain

Fountain, Marcel Duchamp, 1917, Ready-made is object not made but

designated and returned to life after exhibit.

Dada was protest movement. “Anti”

movement. Yes movement to creativity, life,

spontaneity. Refused to be pinned down or

defined. Entered under pseudonym R. Mutt.

World War I and After: Surrealism

Surrealism was inspired by Sigmund Freud. Surrealists appreciated the logic of dreams, the mystery of the unconscious, the bizarre, the irrational, the incongruous, and the marvelous.

•Dali, Magritte, and Miro were well-known artists of

this era.

•Poetic Object: An object that juxtaposed

incongruous elements to provoke a strangeness or

disorientation.


Insert visual(s).

Suggestion: 21.23 The Persistence of Memory

Object (Luncheon in Fur), Meret Oppenheim, 1936 Poetic Object (eating vessel made of fur). Inspired by 2 ladies

drinking tea in fur coats. Surrealist works have erotic

overtones (RE: Freud)

The Persistence of Memory, Salvador Dali, 1931

Carnival of the Harlequin, Joan Miro, 1924-25, Surrealist interpretation of

famous Spanish painting Las Meninas. Lighthearted erotic play.

Between the Wars:

Building New Societies

After the trauma of WWI artists wanted to transform the world so nothing of the sort would happen again. Many artists believed that only the most revolutionary art could bring about a new world.

•Constructivism: The idea that art should be put to practiced through architecture, graphic design, theatrical productions, textiles and other visual forms; lead by the artist Tatlin.


Insert visual(s).

Suggestion: 21.25 Model for the Monument to the Third International

Model for Monument to the Third International, Vladmir

Tatlin, 1919

• Constructivism

Between the Wars:


• De Stijl: Sought to create harmony between individuals

and modern industry/technology. The artist Mondrian

was a leader in this movement. He believed that

vertical and horizontal elements and primary colors

created rational beauty and balance in the world.

• Bauhaus: A design school founded by the architect

Gropius; intended to teach artists a variety of disciplines

and eliminate divisions between all art disciplines.


Square, Piet Mondrian,

1939-43 De Stijl,

Intellectual beauty.

Shroeder House, Gerrit Rietveld, 1924

Between the Wars:


Harlem Renaissance: The merging of 3

American experiences: African heritage,

the legacy of slavery, and the realities of

modern urban life. The artist Douglas is

representative of this era.


Insert visual(s).

Suggestion: 21.30 Aspects of Negro Life

From Slavery through Reconstruction ,

Aaron Douglas, 1934 Rejoicing at reading of Emancipation Proclamation

Harlem Renaissance

The Modern World: 1800-1945: SUMMARY

Key Topics, Terms and Art Periods covered:

• Neoclassicism and Romanticism

• Realism

• Impressionism: Salon and Salon des Refuses

• Post-Impressionism: Pointillism

• America in the 19th century: Avant-Garde

• Fauvism, Expressionism, Cubism: Salon d’Automne, Die Brucke, Der Blaue Reiter

• Fantasy and Futurism: Poetic Object

• Dada and Surrealism: Ready-mades

• Between the Wars: Constructivism, De Stijl, Bauhaus,

Harlem Renaissance


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