Chapter 21 post - Springfield Public Schools - Home 21 post.pdf · Explain what Absolutism is in...
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Chapter 21
Section 1: Spain’s Empire and European Absolutism
Charles V of Spain
Ruled the Holy Roman Empire
* split holdings when he retired
*Ferdinand -brother got Austria and Holy Roman
Empire*Phillip II - son got
Spain and it’s colonies
Philip II
expanded holdings by taking Portugaltried to invade England but failed
Problems in Spain
price of goods constantly roseunfair taxesmore products were purchased from other lands causing money to flow to enemies. lost land due to 7 provinces rising up in 1579 - Dutch Republic
Dutch Republic
elected leaders practiced religious toleranceestablished a trade empire
Absolute Monarch
hold all the powerbelieved in divine right - the idea that God created the monarchyExamples were the leaders of Spain and France
Section 1 Review Question
Explain what Absolutism is in Europe and how absolute monarchs used divine right.
Section 2: The Reign of Louis XIV
Religious Wars in France
8 Religious wars in France from 1562-1598Protestant Prince Henry of Navarre became King Henry IV
Accomplishments of Henry
changed religion to Catholicissued the Edict of Nantes - allowed French Protestants the right to live in peace and have their own churchesrebuilt French economybrought peace
Henry’s Son and Cardinal Richelieu
Henry’s son was a weak rulerSon appointed Cardinal Richelieu as chief minister - ruled FranceRichelieu cut noble powerused the middle class as government workers
Louis XIV Comes to Power
Louis the Boy King: Cardinal Mazarin was the true ruler because Louis was to young to take over as rulerUnder Cardinal Mazarin the nobles revolted and attempted to kill LouisWhen Cardinal Mazarin died Louis was 22 years old and he took control of the government.
Louis XIVBecame a powerful ruler - total control or absolute rulerFroze the nobles out of his government because they tried to kill him when he was youngtried to increase the wealth of France by working with Jean Baptiste Colbert
Jean Baptiste ColbertChief minister of finance
tried to build French industry by getting people to buy French made productsurged people to move to the Canadian colony in the new world.
Louis XIV LifeLouis lived a life of
luxury. His palace at Versailles is a popular tourist destination
today.
France under Louismade France the most powerful nation in EuropeLarge army that fought in a lot of battles which caused problems laterCountries banded together to stop the expansion of France
War of Spanish Succession
Charles II of Spain died without any childrenHe promised the throne to Louis XIV’s 16 year old grandson Philip of AnjouOther countries joined together to stop Phillip from getting throne because they thought Louis would be in control of both countries. Treaty of Utricht - Philip could be King as long as Spain and France did not unite.
Louis’s DeathLouis was quoted as saying “I am the state”. He was also known as the Sun King. The people were tired of him because he spent a great deal of money on palaces and items of splendor.They rejoiced at his deathHe made France a great power but caused much turmoil and resentment
Section 2 Review question
Describe Louis XIV. Explain his character and experiences. Do you respect him? Explain why or why not.
Central European Monarchs Clash
Marie Therese of Austria
Frederick the Great
Thirty Years WarMounting tension between the Catholics, Protestants and the Calvinist lead to the creation of the Protestant Union and the Catholic LeagueThe spark of the revolt came when Ferdinand II was head of the Hapsburg family and Holy Roman emperor. He is Catholic. He closed some Protestant Churches which lead to the Thirty Years War, which is a conflict between European ruling families over religion and territory.
Thirty Years War Continued
Hapsburg Triumphs: crushed the troops of the Protestant princes. Ferdinand II allowed his army to plunder, or rob German villages and destroy everything in their path. Hapsburg Defeats: the Swiss and two French Cardinals dominated the remaining years of the war. The Cardinals are Catholic, but they feared the Hapsburg’s more than the Protestants.
Thirty Years War Continued
Germany was heavily damaged by the war. Trade, agriculture and population were all reduced.
Peace of Westphalia: ended war,
weakened the Hapsburg states of Spain and Austria
Strengthened France bc it received German lands
German princes were independent of the Holy Roman emperor
ended religious wars in Europe
introduced a new way to settle problems by meeting and deciding terms of peace
ended the idea of a Catholic empire that ruled most of Europe
Images
Hapsburg’s of AustriaTook several steps to become absolute monarchs
during 30 yrs war they conquered Bohemia, and killed the Protestants there and created a Czech nobilitycentralized the gov’t and created a standing armytook Hungary from the Ottoman EmpireCharles VI became ruler
Maria Theresa inherits the Austrian ThroneCharles worked to insure that his daughter would inherit all the lands he had worked so hard to claim. He had European leaders sign a treaty agreeing to acknowledge her as his heir. This should have guaranteed Maria theresa a peaceful reign instead she faced years of war
Prussia Challenges Austria
Rise of Prussia: ruled by the HohenzollernsFrederick Williams became leader and decided a strong army was the way to go and created permanent taxation to pay for the army
Frederick the Great
he followed his father’s military policiesencouraged religious tolerance he thought that a ruler should be like a father to his people
Map of Austria and Prussia
War of Austrian Succession
between Austria and Prussia over Silesia a Austrian territoryGreat Britain, Hungary and Austria fought against Prussia and the French.Maria Theresa stopped the Prussian aggression, but lost the land of Silesia in the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
7 years WarMaria signed a treaty with France and Fredrick signed one with Britain, they changed sidesAustria, France, Russia vs Britain and PrussiaWhen Fredrick attacked Saxony an ally of Austria every major European power went to warTerritory did not change in Europe, but in North America. France lost it colonies in North America to Britain. Britain also gained sole domination of India
Section 3 Question
Which individual Maria Theresa or Frederick the Great was more successful in ruling their country? Use details from the notes to support your answer.
Section 4: Absolute Rulers of Russia
First CzarIvan the Terrible started rule at the age of 3. Took control and ruled well from 1547-1560. Bad period of rule started in 1560 after the death of his wife. He thought the boyars had poisoned his wife and turned against them.Organized own police force (secret police) hunted down and murdered people Ivan felt were traitors. In 1581 Ivan killed his oldest son and heir. When he died the weak second son ruled.
Rise of the Romanovs
after years of trouble the boyars selected Michael Romonov grandnephew of Ivan’s wife. This started the Romanov dynasty that lasted 300 years.
Peter the Great comes to power
he became absolute ruler of RussiaMongol rule had cute Russia off from the Renaissance and the age of exploration. Only seaport was covered with ice most of the yearReligious differences also made Russia different from Europe. Russians followed the Eastern Orthodox branch of Christianity, where Western Europe were either Protestants or Catholics
Peter Visits the WestPeter was tall for the time 61/2 feetWanted Russia to have a warm sea port so they could participate in trade and explorationHe decided to go on a long visit to Western Europe to learn their customs and manufacturing techniques
Peter Rules Absolutelyafter trip he decided to westernize RussiaReforms: Church was put under state control, reduced the power of the great landowners, hired European officers to teach his army and the army became a life long job for some, heavy taxes were made to pay for the 200,000 member armyWesternizing Russia: introduced potatoes, started first Russian newspaper, raised women’s status, ordered nobles to give up traditional cloths, advanced education
Establishing St. Petersburg
Peter fought Sweden for 21 years to gain access to the Baltic coastSt. Petersburg was built on a swamp and 25,000 to 100,000 people diedBy the time of Peter’s death Russia was a force to be reckoned with in Europe
Section 4 question
Explain and interpret the reforms that Peter the Great put in place in Russia.
Section 5: Parliament Limits the English Monarchy
Monarchs Defy ParliamentElizabeth died with no children, so James Stuart the King of Scotland became King of England
James fought w/ Parliament over money and did not make Puritan reforms
Charles I Fights Parliament
always in need of money bc he was at war with Spain and France
when parliament refused to give him money he dissolved it
1628 Charles was forced to call Parliament, Parliament made his sign the Petition of Rights which stated:
he would not imprison subjects without cause
he would not levy taxes w/o Parliament’s consent
he would not house soldiers in private homes
he would not impose martial law in peace time
after agreeing to the petition Charles ignored it
English Civil WarRoyalists/Cavaliers: people that supported CharlesRoundheads: Puritan supporters of ParliamentAt first neither side could win but then the Roundheads found Oliver Cromwell who began to beat the RoyalistsCharles was brought to trial for treason against Parliament. He was sentenced to death. THIS is a first.
Execution of Charles I
Balcony where Charles i was executed
Cromwell’s Ruleabolished the monarchy and the House of Lords and established a common wealth, a type of republican government, drafted a constitution the first oneCromwell tore up document and became a military dictator
Puritan Morality
Cromwell and Puritans wanted to reform society. They abolished activities such as theater, sporting events and dancing
Restoration and Revolution
after Cromwell people were tired of military rule, a new Parliament was selected and the older son of Charles I was asked to ruleRestoration: When Charles II restored the monarchy and habeas corpus was started
who would rule after Charles, no legitimate children, brother was James a Catholic who was supported by the Tories and opposed by the Whigs
Glorious Revolution
James II becomes King and dissolved ParliamentMary (James’ daughter) and her husband William of Orange were invited to come overthrow James which lead to the Glorious Revolution
Limits on Monarch’s Power
England became a constitutional monarchy where limits were placed on a ruler’s powerBill of Rights: No suspending of Parliament’s laws, no levying of taxes without a specific grant from Parliament, no interfering with freedom of speech in Parliament, no penalty for a citizen who petitions the king about grievances Cabinet System Develops: Parliament could not rule w/o consent of Monarchy, nor could Monarchy rule w/o consent of Parliament. A cabinet was created that acted in the rulers name and represented the major party in Parliament. The leader became know as the prime minister. This is the system used today in England
Section 5 Question
What conditions in England made the execution of one king and the overthrow of another possible?