Chapter 20Chapter 20

The New Frontier And The Great The New Frontier And The Great SocietySociety

Presidential Nominees in the Presidential Nominees in the election of 1960:election of 1960:

NixonNixon KennedyKennedy

Election of 1960Election of 1960

John F. Kennedy vs. John F. Kennedy vs. NixonNixon

Took part in the first Took part in the first televised debate televised debate between two presidential between two presidential candidatescandidates

Debate took place on Debate took place on Sept. 26, 1960 Sept. 26, 1960

70 million T.V viewers70 million T.V viewers

Kennedy and Kennedy and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.

Did You Know?• He was a decorated naval officer in World War II.• He received the Pulitzer Prize for his book, "Profiles in Courage."• He served exactly 1,000 days in office.• He was the first president born in the 20th century and the youngest president ever elected.•He is the only Roman Catholic president•He could read 1600 words a minute.

Section one… John F. Kennedy

Became the 35th President in January1961

Only 43 when elected which made him the second youngest president elected

DemocratWon by fewer than

119,000 votes

Kennedy’s Inaugural AddressKennedy was the youngest person ever to be elected president. Hisyouth helped provide the theme to his inaugural address:

“Let the word go forth…That the torch has beenpassed to a new generation of Americans…The energy, the faith, the devotion which we bringto this endeavor will lightour country and all who serve it…And so, my fellowAmericans-ask not whatyour country can do for you-ask what you can dofor your country.”

The Camelot YearsWith JFK’syouthful glamourand his talentedadvisors, the Kennedy WhiteHouse remindedmany of a modern-day Camelot, themythical court ofKing Arthur.

It's true! It's true! The crown has made it clear.The climate must be perfect all the year.

A law was made a distant moon ago here:July and August cannot be too hot.And there's a legal limit to the snow hereIn Camelot.The winter is forbidden till DecemberAnd exits March the second on the dot.By order, summer lingers through SeptemberIn Camelot.Camelot! Camelot!I know it sounds a bit bizarre,But in Camelot, Camelot

That's how conditions are.The rain may never fall till after sundown.By eight, the morning fog must disappear.In short, there's simply notA more congenial spotFor happily-ever-aftering than hereIn Camelot.

Camelot! Camelot!I know it gives a person pause,But in Camelot, CamelotThose are the legal laws.The snow may never slush upon the hillside.By nine p.m. the moonlight must appear.In short, there's simply notA more congenial spotFor happily-ever-aftering than hereIn Camelot.

Kennedy’s AdvisersKennedy’s Advisers

• McGeorge Bundy- McGeorge Bundy- Harvard grad. Was Harvard grad. Was National security National security adviseradviser

• Robert McNamara- Robert McNamara- President of Ford Motor President of Ford Motor Company. Was Company. Was secretary of defensesecretary of defense

• Dean Rusk- President of Dean Rusk- President of Rockafella foundation. Rockafella foundation. Was secretary of state Was secretary of state

Attorney General: Robert Attorney General: Robert KennedyKennedy

Military Policy Military Policy

• Focused on the Cold Focused on the Cold WarWar

• Flexible ResponseFlexible Response– A policy developed by the A policy developed by the

Kennedy Administration, Kennedy Administration, prepared the military for prepared the military for different forms of attack different forms of attack other than nuclear other than nuclear weaponsweapons

– Help created elite Help created elite branches of the militarybranches of the military

• Special ForcesSpecial Forces

• Green BeretsGreen Berets

Crisis Over CubaThe first test of Kennedy’sforeign policy came in Cuba,just 90 miles off the coast ofFlorida. Revolutionary leader,Fidel Castro, openly declaredhimself a communist and welcomed aid from the Soviet Union.

Fidel CastroFidel Castro Castro openly declared Castro openly declared

himself a communist himself a communist and welcomed aid from and welcomed aid from the Soviet Unionthe Soviet Union

U.S saw Castro as a U.S saw Castro as a tyrant who had replaced tyrant who had replaced one dictatorship with one dictatorship with anotheranother

Because of communism Because of communism 10 percent of Cuba’s 10 percent of Cuba’s population went into population went into exile in Miami, Floridaexile in Miami, Florida

The Bay of PigsOn the nights of April 17,1961,some 1500 Cuban exiles supported by the U.S. militarylanded on the island’s southern coast at Baja deCochinos, the Bay of Pigs. The CIA and the exiles hoped itwould trigger a mass uprisingthat would overthrow Castro.It didn’t! Cuban forces, backedby Soviet tanks and jet aircraft,easily repelled the exile invasion.Some of the exiles were killed,others imprisoned.

The Bay of PigsThe Bay of Pigs

► March 1960 Eisenhower March 1960 Eisenhower gave the CIA permission gave the CIA permission to train Cuba exiles as to train Cuba exiles as spiesspies

► April 17, 1961April 17, 1961 25000 soldiers were sent 25000 soldiers were sent

by Kennedy to head off by Kennedy to head off Castro but Castro’s troops Castro but Castro’s troops headed them off and headed them off and captured mencaptured men

Kennedy negotiated with Kennedy negotiated with Castro for the release of Castro for the release of the surviving commandosthe surviving commandos

Kennedy had to pay a Kennedy had to pay a ransom of 53 million in food ransom of 53 million in food and medical suppliesand medical supplies

Cuban Missile CrisisIn October, 1962, photographs takenby American planesrevealed Soviet missile bases in Cuba-and somecontained missilesready to launch.They could reachU.S. cities in minutes.

On October 22,Kennedy ordereda naval blockadeof Cuba to preventfurther deliveriesof Soviet weapons.He also demandedthat the Sovietsremove the missiles.Khrushchev promised tochallenge the blockade,calling it “outright banditry.”

For a few days, nuclear war and massive destruction was a distinct possibility for every American. In schools, childrenpracticed air raid drills, a common occurrence during the ColdWar. People who had built bomb shelters began stockingthem with food and other provisions. Even the president calledhis family to the White House where they could be protected inthe presidential nuclear shelter.

Suddenly, on October 24, many of the Soviet ships stopped shortof the blockade line, turned, and sailed home. “We’re eyeball toeyeball,” said Secretary of State Dean Rusk, “and I think the other fellow just blinked.” On October 28 Khrushchev agreedto dismantle the missile bases in response to Kennedy’s promisenot to invade Cuba.

Cuban Missile CrisisCuban Missile Crisis

► October 22, Kennedy October 22, Kennedy informed the country of informed the country of the Soviet Unions the Soviet Unions missile and his plan to missile and his plan to get rid of themget rid of them

► In Florida 100,000 In Florida 100,000 troops waited for one of troops waited for one of the largest invasionsthe largest invasions

► Khrushchev offered to Khrushchev offered to remove the missiles if remove the missiles if the U.S did not invadethe U.S did not invade

Kennedy and BerlinOne of the high pointsof Kennedy’s foreigntravels was a trip hemade to Berlin in 1963to dramatize America’scommitment to WestBerlin and West Germany.In a speech at the BerlinWall, Kennedy electrifiedan audience of about 150,000Germans by stating , “Ich binein Berliner” (I am a Berliner),thus declaring the solidarity of all free people with the peopleof West Berlin.

The New Frontier

President Kennedy’slegislative program toprovide medical carefor the elderly….

To rebuild blightedurban areas….

To aid education….

To bolster the nationaldefense….

To increase international aid….

To expand the space program.

And to promote civil rights.

To provide volunteer assistance to developingnations in Asia, Africa,and Latin America.

Tragedy in DallasIn the fall of 1963, public opinion polls showed that Kennedy was losing popularity because of his advocacy of civil rights. On November 22,1963, President andMrs. Kennedy wentto Texas to mendpolitical fences withmembers of the state’s DemocraticParty.

Crowds lined thestreets of Dallasto greet the President. In frontof them sat TexasGovernor JohnConnally and hiswife Nellie.

As the car approached a state building known as the Texas State BookDepository, rifle shots rang out.

Kennedy wasshot in the head.His car raced toa nearby hospital, wheredoctors frantically triedto revive him,but it was toolate. PresidentKennedy wasdead.

In 1963, the WarrenCommission investigatedand concluded thatLee Harvey Oswaldhad shot the presidentwhile acting on his own.

On Sunday, Nov. 24,as millions watchedlive television coverage of Oswaldbeing transferredbetween jails, anightclub ownernamed Jack Rubybroke through thecrowd and shot andkilled Oswald.

Important TermsImportant Terms Hot Line Hot Line

A communist link A communist link established in 1963 to allow established in 1963 to allow the leaders of the U.S and the leaders of the U.S and the Soviet Union to contact the Soviet Union to contact each other in a time of crisiseach other in a time of crisis

Limited Test Ban TreatyLimited Test Ban Treaty 1963 treaty in which the U.S 1963 treaty in which the U.S

and the Soviet Union agreed and the Soviet Union agreed not to conduct nuclear not to conduct nuclear weapon tests in the weapon tests in the atmosphereatmosphere

Berlin WallBerlin Wall A concrete wall topped with A concrete wall topped with

barbed wire that served the barbed wire that served the city in twocity in two

20 percent of Germany’s 20 percent of Germany’s population had fled to West population had fled to West Berlin because it was free of Berlin because it was free of communismcommunism

Section 2 Section 2

The New Frontier The New Frontier

KennedyKennedy

• “ “ We stand today on We stand today on the edge of a new the edge of a new frontier’’frontier’’– Kennedy called on Kennedy called on

Americans to be “new Americans to be “new pioneers” and explore pioneers” and explore uncharted areas of uncharted areas of science and space, science and space, unconquered pockets of unconquered pockets of ignorance and prejudice ignorance and prejudice unanswered questions unanswered questions of poverty and surplus. of poverty and surplus.

                

  

Stimulating the Economy

• Unemployment was 6% which was the highest since WWII

• 1961 Deficit spending took place- department of defense received 20% budget increase for weapons

• Minimum wage increased $1.25 an hr extended unemployment insurance, and provided assistance to cities w/ high unemployment

Addressing Poverty Aboard Peace Corps

Programs of volunteer assistance to the developing nations of Asia, Africa, and Latin America

“Kennedy kiddie Korps” because many of the volunteers were college kids

By 1968 more than 35,000 volunteers and served 60 nations

Alliance for progress offered economic and technical assistance to Latin American countries

Between 1961 and 1969 U.S invested $12 billion in Latin America

Race to the MoonRace to the Moon

• April 12, 1961 Soviet cosmonaut Yuri A. Gagarin became the first human in space

• Kennedy surpassed this and sent a man to the moon

• NASA stands for America’s National Aeronautics and Space Administration

• Launch facilities at Cape Canaveral, Florida and mission control center in Houston, Texas

• Neil Armstrong took the first steps on the moon on July 20, 1969

Tragedy in DallasTragedy in Dallas

November 22, 1963 November 22, 1963 Kennedy was shot deadKennedy was shot dead

Warren commission Warren commission investigated and investigated and concluded Oswald shot concluded Oswald shot the President while the President while acting on his ownacting on his own

Section 3 Section 3

The Great SocietyThe Great Society

Lyndon Baines Johnson Was a major leader of

the Democratic party He also aoristically

escalated the number of soldiers in Vietnam from 16 thousand in 1963 to 550 thousand in 1968

Building a Better America

Medicare/ Medicaid Provided health

insurance and low cost medical care for people over the age of 65

Immigration Act Made it easier for

people that weren’t European to settle in the U.S

Reforms of The Warren Court

Major court decisions during the 1960’s that put societies liberty on a short leash No praying in public

schools Changed the whole

Criminal Justice system all together

Chapter 20 review Period 9Chapter 20 review Period 9

Lizzie Lizzie DiamondDiamondDrewDrew

QUIZQUIZ

1) WHAT WAS THE NICKNAME THAT 1) WHAT WAS THE NICKNAME THAT THE PEACE CORPS WENT BY?THE PEACE CORPS WENT BY?

2) WHAT WAS ONE OF THE CHANGES 2) WHAT WAS ONE OF THE CHANGES THAT THE WARREN COURT MADE IN THAT THE WARREN COURT MADE IN SOCIETY?SOCIETY?

3) WHO WAS LBJ?3) WHO WAS LBJ?4) WHO SHOT JFK?4) WHO SHOT JFK?5) WHAT DOES NASA STAND FOR?5) WHAT DOES NASA STAND FOR?6) WHAT WAS THE BAY OF PIGS?6) WHAT WAS THE BAY OF PIGS?