Hypersensitivity reaction and tolerance induction to ethambutol
Chapter 20. Synthetic drugs Isoniazid – inhibits mycolic acid synthesis. Effective against...
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Transcript of Chapter 20. Synthetic drugs Isoniazid – inhibits mycolic acid synthesis. Effective against...
Chapter 20
Synthetic drugs
• Isoniazid – inhibits mycolic acid synthesis. Effective against mycobacterium tuberculosis.
• Ethambutol – inhibits mycolic acid.
• Sulfanilamide inhibits folic acid synthesis.
• PABA - enzyme – folic acid
• Fluroquinolones inhibits DNA synthesis.
• Typhoid fever, shigellosis
penicillin
• Mold – Penicillium notatum – inhibits peptidoglycan synthesis
• Bacitracin – Bacillus – peptidoglycan – topical applications.
• Polymyxin – Bacillus – damages plasma membrane – topical treatment.
• Rifampin – Streptomyces – inhibits RNA synthesis – tuberculosis.
Antifungal drugs
• Amphotericin B – Streptomyces – damages plasma membrane – systemic mycosis – Histoplasmosis.
• Nystatin – Streptomyces – damages plasma membrane – Candida infections.
Antiviral drugs
• Acyclovir – inhibits the synthesis of viral DNA. Effective against herpes virus.
• Zidovudine – inactivates the reverse transcriptase – can cause anemia in some cases.
• Used to treat HIV infection.
Antiprotozoan drugs
• Chloroquine – malaria
• Metronidazole – inhibits metabolism in an anaerobic environment.
• Giardiasis, amoebic dysentery.
Antihelminthic drugs
• Niclosomide – inhibits ATP synthesis in mitochondria – treat tapeworm infestations.
• Praziquantel – damages plasma membrane – treat fluke infestations.
• Mebendazole – inhibits microtubule formation – roundworm infestations.
• Some bacteria develop resistance.
• Plasmids – antibiotic resistance.
• Mutations can result in the overproduction of the enzyme that is being inactivated by the drug.