Chapter 20, Section 1Chapter 20, Section 1

Spain Builds an Spain Builds an American EmpireAmerican Empire

Voyages of Columbus, Voyages of Columbus, Voyage #1Voyage #1

You know the story: “In 1492, Columbus You know the story: “In 1492, Columbus sailed the ocean blue…”sailed the ocean blue…”

Sent by Ferdinand and Isabella from Sent by Ferdinand and Isabella from Spain (even though he was not Spanish)Spain (even though he was not Spanish)

His ships: His ships: Nina, Pinta, Santa MariaNina, Pinta, Santa Maria Where he landed – Somewhere in the Where he landed – Somewhere in the

BahamasBahamas Where he thought he landed: East IndiesWhere he thought he landed: East Indies

Voyage of Columbus, Voyage of Columbus, Voyage #1 - continuedVoyage #1 - continued

Named the island “San Named the island “San Salvador”Salvador”

Called the natives that he Called the natives that he met “Indians”met “Indians”

Columbus was looking for Columbus was looking for gold, so every island that gold, so every island that he passed on the way he passed on the way back, he claimed for back, he claimed for Spain, and looked for goldSpain, and looked for gold

Voyages of Columbus, Voyages of Columbus, Voyage #2Voyage #2

In 1493, Columbus went back. He was no longer In 1493, Columbus went back. He was no longer and explorer, he was now an empirebuilder.and explorer, he was now an empirebuilder.

He was in command of 17 ships, and over 1000 He was in command of 17 ships, and over 1000 peoplepeople

His goal in this voyage was to start “COLONIES”His goal in this voyage was to start “COLONIES”– Lands that are controlled by another countryLands that are controlled by another country

The Spanish were the first European country The Spanish were the first European country to SETTLE the New World.to SETTLE the New World.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/The_Four_Voyages_of_Columbus_1492-1503_-_Project_Gutenberg_etext_18571.jpg

Other ExplorersOther Explorers

WhoWho Came from…Came from… AccomplishmentAccomplishment

CabralCabral PortugalPortugal Landed in modern Landed in modern BrazilBrazil

Amerigo VespucciAmerigo Vespucci Italian (service of Italian (service of Portugal)Portugal)

Realized it was a Realized it was a “New World”“New World”

MagellanMagellan Portuguese Portuguese (service of Spain)(service of Spain)

11stst to sail around to sail around the worldthe world

BalboaBalboa SpainSpain 11stst European to European to see the Pacific see the Pacific OceanOcean

Balboa

Other ExplorersOther Explorers

WhoWho Came from…Came from… AccomplishmeAccomplishmentnt

CortesCortes SpainSpain Conquered Conquered Aztecs in Aztecs in MexicoMexico

PizzaroPizzaro SpainSpain Conquered the Conquered the Inca in South Inca in South AmericaAmerica

More about MagellanMore about Magellan

Started out with 250 men and 5 ships, with the Started out with 250 men and 5 ships, with the funding of the Spanish throne.funding of the Spanish throne.

Sailed across the Atlantic Ocean, and around Sailed across the Atlantic Ocean, and around South America, and into the Pacific Ocean. South America, and into the Pacific Ocean.

They sailed for months only seeing islands.They sailed for months only seeing islands. Food ran out…Food ran out… They landed in the Philippines and Magellan They landed in the Philippines and Magellan

was killed when he got involved in a local war.was killed when he got involved in a local war.

Magellan Stuff cont’dMagellan Stuff cont’d

Eventually they started back on their Eventually they started back on their voyage, arriving in voyage, arriving in Spain in 1522 (3 years after they left)Spain in 1522 (3 years after they left)

There were only 18 people remaining, on There were only 18 people remaining, on only one ship when they got backonly one ship when they got back

These 18 were the first people to These 18 were the first people to circumnavigate the worldcircumnavigate the world

Magellan Stuff Cont’dMagellan Stuff Cont’d

Amerigo VespucciAmerigo Vespucci

He was the first one who realized that it He was the first one who realized that it was a “New World.” (not part of Asia)was a “New World.” (not part of Asia)

A German cartographer (map maker) A German cartographer (map maker) named the New World – “America.”named the New World – “America.”

(In honor of him)(In honor of him)

Spanish Conquest in MexicoSpanish Conquest in Mexico

Conquistadors – Spanish conquerorsConquistadors – Spanish conquerors The main reason that these guys were out there The main reason that these guys were out there

was to gain gold.was to gain gold. Cortez overthrew the Aztecs, even though they Cortez overthrew the Aztecs, even though they

were outnumbered, here’s how:were outnumbered, here’s how:– Guns and cannonsGuns and cannons– Cortes recruited some native groups that hated the Cortes recruited some native groups that hated the

AztecsAztecs– Conquistadors carried diseases that the Aztecs Conquistadors carried diseases that the Aztecs

could not resistcould not resist

Spanish Conquest in PeruSpanish Conquest in Peru

Pizzaro took a group of 200 men to PeruPizzaro took a group of 200 men to Peru They ambushed 30,000 Incan fighters and They ambushed 30,000 Incan fighters and

captured their kingcaptured their king Demanded ransom, got the ransom, killed Demanded ransom, got the ransom, killed

the king, and moved to the capital, and the king, and moved to the capital, and took it over.took it over.

Spanish Patterns in South AmericaSpanish Patterns in South America

Spanish settled and mixed with the nativesSpanish settled and mixed with the natives– This mixed culture produced a This mixed culture produced a MESTIZOMESTIZO culture. culture.

The Spanish also forced the natives to work for The Spanish also forced the natives to work for them – this was called them – this was called encomiendaencomienda

The Portuguese settled in BrazilThe Portuguese settled in Brazil The made a ton of money of sugar plantationsThe made a ton of money of sugar plantations

Spanish Influence GrowsSpanish Influence Grows

Due to the wealth, the Spanish were able to Due to the wealth, the Spanish were able to extend their art, culture, and military.extend their art, culture, and military.

Also, the Catholic religion spread to South Also, the Catholic religion spread to South America.America.

The Spanish control of South America was The Spanish control of South America was not simple, it took a lot of money and military not simple, it took a lot of money and military to occupy their colonies.to occupy their colonies.

Chapter 20Chapter 20Section 2Section 2

European Nations Settle North AmericaEuropean Nations Settle North America

European Claims in North AmericaEuropean Claims in North America

After Magellan circumnavigated the planet, After Magellan circumnavigated the planet, European Nations began looking for a more European Nations began looking for a more direct route.direct route.

Countries involved in this search:Countries involved in this search:– French, English, and DutchFrench, English, and Dutch

When they realized that they could not find a When they realized that they could not find a more direct route they went to “Plan B”more direct route they went to “Plan B”– Plan B – Settle Colonies in the “New World”Plan B – Settle Colonies in the “New World”

New FranceNew France Jacques CartierJacques Cartier

– Landed in CanadaLanded in Canada– Discovered the St. Lawrence RiverDiscovered the St. Lawrence River– Founded Mont Real (Mount Royal), known today as Founded Mont Real (Mount Royal), known today as

MontrealMontreal Samuel de ChamplainSamuel de Champlain

– Sailed St. Lawrence River, and founded Quebec – the Sailed St. Lawrence River, and founded Quebec – the Capital of “New France”Capital of “New France”

The French were not as interested in building The French were not as interested in building settlements in the New World, as a result they had settlements in the New World, as a result they had a lot of land and very few inhabitantsa lot of land and very few inhabitants

They mainly wanted to make money – this was They mainly wanted to make money – this was done thru FUR TRADE.done thru FUR TRADE.

English Claims English Claims

The first English settlement in the New World The first English settlement in the New World was was JAMESTOWN. (1607)JAMESTOWN. (1607)

It was very difficult at first – 7 of 10 died from It was very difficult at first – 7 of 10 died from starvation, disease, or Indian fights.starvation, disease, or Indian fights.– This was because they were more interested in This was because they were more interested in

finding gold, than in planting crops.finding gold, than in planting crops.– (When was the last time that you heard of a gold strike in Virginia?)(When was the last time that you heard of a gold strike in Virginia?)

Eventually the settlers found a crop that Eventually the settlers found a crop that could make them money - could make them money - TOBACCOTOBACCO

New England is CreatedNew England is Created

In 1620 a group of people called In 1620 a group of people called PilgrimsPilgrims came to the New World came to the New World seeking religious freedom.seeking religious freedom.

Landed in Massachusetts and Landed in Massachusetts and started a colony.started a colony.

In 1626, another group came In 1626, another group came over to the America, also over to the America, also seeking religious freedom, they seeking religious freedom, they were called were called PuritansPuritans..

Dutch ClaimsDutch Claims

Further to the north, the Dutch started Further to the north, the Dutch started colonies.colonies.

Their leader was Henry Hudson.Their leader was Henry Hudson. The area that they settled was in modern The area that they settled was in modern

New York.New York. Became known as New Netherlands.Became known as New Netherlands. The Dutch were not very successful with The Dutch were not very successful with

colonizing so a variety of peoples moved into colonizing so a variety of peoples moved into their area (Germans, French, Scandinavians, their area (Germans, French, Scandinavians, and others).and others).

Claims in the CaribbeanClaims in the Caribbean

The French, Spanish, English, and Dutch all The French, Spanish, English, and Dutch all claimed islands in the Caribbean.claimed islands in the Caribbean.

Developed huge sugar and cotton Developed huge sugar and cotton plantations.plantations.

This required a large labor force, this is This required a large labor force, this is where the African Slave Trade got its start.where the African Slave Trade got its start.

Battles for the New WorldBattles for the New World

English vs. DutchEnglish vs. Dutch– England wonEngland won– England established the 13 colonies from Maine England established the 13 colonies from Maine

to Georgiato Georgia English vs. FrenchEnglish vs. French

– England wonEngland won– Known as the French and Indian WarKnown as the French and Indian War– Due to English Westward expansionDue to English Westward expansion

Natives vs. SettlersNatives vs. Settlers– Natives were out-gunned and the diseases killed Natives were out-gunned and the diseases killed

many of them too.many of them too.

World HistoryChapter 20, Section 3

The Atlantic Slave Trade

The Atlantic Slave TradeThe Atlantic Slave Trade

Background– Originally, the Native Americans were used for slaves.– Native Americans were unable to withstand the

disease and died in mass.– The Explorers/Settlers looked elsewhere for their

“workers” – AFRICA became “The Place.” The Early Stages of Slavery

– Slavery in Africa Existed for 100s of years in Africa Facilitated by the Muslims when they expanded into

Africa Carried further by the Europeans.

The Atlantic Slave TradeThe Atlantic Slave Trade

The Demand for Africans– First it was the Portuguese and then the Spanish– Reasons to use Africans in the Americas

1. Built up immunity to European diseases2. Had experience farming3. Less likely to escape because they were in a new

land4. Skin color made them stand out from free-people

– Atlantic Slave Trade Enterprise where trading PEOPLE was perceived to

be a profitable as trading goods

The Atlantic Slave TradeThe Atlantic Slave Trade

Spain and Portugal lead the way– The leaders in the Atlantic Slave Trade were

Spain and Portugal. – The same countries that were the original

leaders of the Age of Exploration– Is that a coincidence?

The Atlantic Slave TradeThe Atlantic Slave Trade

Slavery Spreads– As the market for slaves grew, England

became the leader in the Slave Trade Market.– Most Africans who were sold as slaves were

sold by other Africans (their captors).– Opportunity for profit, outweighed the moral

dilemma that faced many people during this time.

The Atlantic Slave TradeThe Atlantic Slave Trade

The Journey to Slavery– Middle Passage – the title given to the voyage

across the Atlantic (from Africa to the Americas).

– “I was soon put down under the decks and there I received such a greeting in my nostrils as I had never before smelled.” – Equiano, age 11

– About 20% of the slaves dies during the Middle Passage.

Below Deck in the Slave Below Deck in the Slave QuartersQuartersThe Middle Passage was the most infamous route of this triangular trade. Although danger lurked

constantly throughout the voyage across the Atlantic, the greatest danger to the slave ships always came when they were loading on the African coast. Once aboard the ships, the negroes realized that they were being sent far away from home, and often there was violence even before the ship set sail. However, most of these uprisings were easily put down. Others jumped overboard and plunged from the ship into the sea, choosing to either drown or be devoured by blood-thirsty sharks rather than be taken from their homeland.

Once aboard the ships the blacks would be packed below deck. Captains of slave ships were known as either "loose packers" or "tight packers", depending upon how many slaves they crammed into the space they had. Most ships, especially those of the later 18th century, were "tight packers", carrying a huge quantity of slaves who were often forced to lie in spaces smaller than that of a grave, or in some cases stacked spoon-fashion on top of one another. Regardless, life for a slave in the "tween decks", as they were called, was extremely uncomfortable. In addition to extreme overcrowding, there was also inadequate ventilation, not to mention little or no sanitation. Although some captains would have their crew periodically clean the "tween decks" with hot vinegar, most chose rather to leave them alone, resulting in their atrociously unclean condition. In addition to disease and suffocation below deck, it would not be uncommon to find the body of a slave completely covered by lice.

Eventually, after the arduous 3,700 mile voyage, the slave ship would reach North America. In order to strengthen them before sale, the slaves were normally fed better in the days directly before their arrival in the new world, however their suffering was far from over. Before they could be sold, the slaves would be oiled to make their skin shiny and any imperfections, such as scars from whippings, would be filled in with hot tar in order to improve their appearance and get the best market price. Most slave ships would not be allowed to dock in the ports which they came to due to their horrible stench and the fear of the spread of any diseases which had been spread throughout the ship. Therefore, the slavers would drop anchor a few miles off shore and carry the slaves to land in smaller boats which had been stored aboard the ship. The slaves would then be sold at auction and would live through the rest of their lives in wicked involuntary servitude

The Daily Routine on the Slave ShipsThe Daily Routine on the Slave Ships

During periods of good weather, the slaves would be brought up on deck in the morning. At this time the men would be shackled together with iron chains, while the women and children would be allowed to roam about on deck. At about nine o' clock in the morning they were given their first meal of the day. Interestingly, slaves from different sections along the west African coast would often be fed different meals. Those from the Northern part of the Guinea Coast would be fed boiled rice, millet, or cornmeal. Slaves from the Bight of Biafra had stewed yams, and those from still farther south in the Congo River region would be fed starchy manioc, cassava flour, or banana-like fruits. Sometimes a few lumps of raw meat would be thrown in with their food to keep them healthy. It was also at this time in the morning that the slaves were given their daily ration of a half-pint of water in a small pan, called a pannikin.

In the late afternoon came the slaves' second and only other meal of the day. Sometimes it was the same as their first, but most captains were not that humane. The afternoon meal usually consisted only of horse beans, very large beans which are used to feed horses. They were the cheapest form of food available. The beans were boiled until they were pulpy and then covered with a mixture of palm oil, flour, and water. To cover up the horrible taste, large amounts of red pepper, called "slabber sauce", were added.

The captains needed to keep the slaves in acceptable physical condition if they were to be sold at high prices, so each morning after breakfast the slaves were "danced" on deck, in order to give them exercise. Still shackled together, the men were forced to jump up and down until often the flesh of their ankles was raw and bleeding from the iron chains which bound them together. The women and children, who were free of such bonds were better able to dance to the rhythm that was pounded out on an African drum or iron kettle, sometimes with the accompaniment of a fiddle or African banjo played by a crew member. The slaves, otherwise kept miserably in the "tween decks", enjoyed this dancing, as it was their only form of physical recreation during the entire day. Each day at sunset the slaves would be placed back below deck to rest in the misery and filth that was the "tween decks".

During the morning exercises members of the crew roved about the deck carrying whips and would beat those slaves who refused to "dance". Although most whips were made only of simple rope, the wicked cat-o'-nine-tails was also used aboard many slavers. Consisting of nine cords coated with tar, each with a knot at the end, the cat-o'-nine-tails could slash the skin of a slave's back to ribbons in only a few lashes.

Yet the worst time of the Middle Passage came for the slaves when the ship was met with periods of bad weather. During storms the blacks were forced to remain below deck all day and night. The holds were dark, filthy, slimy, and they stank of death. The "tween decks" were often full not only with slaves, both living and dead, but also with blood, vomit, urine, and human waste. Also during periods of inclement weather the slaves were not fed as usual. They were often forced to scrounge for small crumbs and pieces of spoiled food and drink from stagnant puddles of extremely impure water.

The Triangular Trade

NEW WORLD

EUROPE

AFRICA

The Atlantic Slave TradeThe Atlantic Slave Trade

Consequences of Slavery– Africans lost generations of their people– Families torn apart– Introduced guns to Africa– Economic boom in the New World– African culture was brought to the Americas

Summary: The Atlantic Slave TradeSummary: The Atlantic Slave Trade

Slavery

Middle Passage

Sold at Auction

Worked for free

Died

Beat for not working

Chapter 20, Section 4Chapter 20, Section 4

The Columbian ExchangeThe Columbian Exchange

The Columbian ExchangeThe Columbian Exchange

Definition – The Global Transfer of foods, plants, and animals during the colonization of the Americas.– Note: This includes North, Central, and South

America

Its called the “Columbian” exchange because of Christopher Columbus’ initial contact with the Americas

The Columbian ExchangeThe Columbian Exchange

Items coming to Europe, Asia, Africa Items coming to Europe, Asia, Africa from the the New WorldNew World– PlantsPlants

Tomatoes, squash, pineapples, tobacco, and cacao beans Tomatoes, squash, pineapples, tobacco, and cacao beans (chocolate)(chocolate)

– AnimalAnimal TurkeyTurkey

– Most importantMost important Corn and potatoesCorn and potatoes ““The planting of the first potato in Ireland, and the first sweet The planting of the first potato in Ireland, and the first sweet

potatoes in China probably changed more lives than the deads potatoes in China probably changed more lives than the deads of 100 kings.” of 100 kings.”

The Columbian ExchangeThe Columbian Exchange

Items coming to the New World Items coming to the New World from Europe, Asia, AfricaEurope, Asia, Africa– LivestockLivestock

Horses, sheep, cattle, and pigsHorses, sheep, cattle, and pigs

– FoodsFoods Bananas, black-eyed peas, yams, wheat, rice, barley, Bananas, black-eyed peas, yams, wheat, rice, barley,

and oatsand oats

– DiseaseDisease Small pox, measles, malaria, and Whooping CoughSmall pox, measles, malaria, and Whooping Cough

Results of The Columbian ExchangeResults of The Columbian Exchange

PositivePositive– Both areas Both areas

benefited from the benefited from the introduction of new introduction of new itemsitems

– Economies in both Economies in both areas were boostedareas were boosted

Negative Negative – Native Americans Native Americans

suffered due to the suffered due to the diseases and weak diseases and weak immune system immune system

– Slave trade Slave trade flourished due to the flourished due to the agricultural agricultural opportunities in the opportunities in the New WorldNew World

Global TradeGlobal Trade

Columbian Exchange prompted a wave of Columbian Exchange prompted a wave of new business and trade practicesnew business and trade practices

CapitalismCapitalism: economic system based on : economic system based on private ownership and the investment of private ownership and the investment of resources for profit.resources for profit.– Led to increase in many European nations’ Led to increase in many European nations’

money supply.money supply. Joint-stock CompanyJoint-stock Company: investors buy stock in : investors buy stock in

a company.a company.

Global Trade (cont’d)Global Trade (cont’d)

Change in European societies led to growth Change in European societies led to growth in towns and the rise of a class of merchants in towns and the rise of a class of merchants who controlled great wealth!who controlled great wealth!