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Chapter 20 Section 1 Roman Arts and Engineering

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Standards S.S. 6.7.8 Describe the legacies of Roman art and architecture, technology and science, literature, language, and law. ELA Reading 6.2.7 Make reasonable assertions about a text through accurate, supporting citations.

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Anticipatory Set What advances in art and engineering have we seen across the curriculum? In Egypt? In China? In India?

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Objective Students will learn about Roman achievements in art, architecture, and technology. They will also read about science and medicine in the Roman Empire.

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Language of the Discipline Mosaic Aqueduct Claudius Ptolemy Hypatia Dissect

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Art and Architecture (Input) Greek art and architecture had great influence on the Romans The Romans did not copy the Greeks They constructed buildings and created artwork that fit the Roman needs and tastes

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Painting and Sculpture (Input) Art filled many homes and public buildings in Roman towns Floors were decorated with mosaics A mosaic is a design formed with small tiles of glass, stone, or pottery. Many homes had decorative wall murals Sculpture was popular as well Statues of gods and important officials stood in markets, temples, and other public places.

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Painting and Sculpture (Input) In contrast to Greek artists who tried to show perfect beauty, the Romans were more realistic Skillful artisans used various materials to make beautiful everyday objects They crafted vases and jars of blue glass and mirrors of polished silver Animal bone was used in combs and pins Romans wore jewelry made of silver, gold, and gems

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Painting and Sculpture (Input)

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Buildings and Bridges (Input) Roman architects based their designs on Greek models These architects went on to devise new building materials and methods One innovation was the invention of concrete Concrete is a building material made by mixing small stones and sand with limestone, clay, and water. This mix was poured into forms and would then harden Concrete was lighter and easier to work with than stone Workers needed less skill to pour concrete than to carve stone

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Buildings and Bridges (Input) Using this new material, workers were able to design large open structures covered with domes One of the most famous being the Pantheon Concrete was also used in Romes Colosseum An outdoor arena where 50,000 people could watch gladiator battles, wild beast hunts, and criminals being put to death It could also be filled with water for make-believe sea battles A rounded arch is the most typical feature of Roman structures. They were over roadways and on the walls of the Colosseum All across the empire, Roman soldiers and engineers build sturdy bridges supported by rounded arches

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Buildings and Bridges (Input)

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Technology and Science (Input) The Romans were practical people The excelled at using technology to improve daily life Some roads, bridges, and water systems they built are still in use today

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Roman Roads (Input) All Roads lead to Rome is an old saying Major roads extended to and from the city of Rome like spokes of a wheel More than 50,000 miles of straight, paved roads crisscrossed the empire The roads linked cities and military forts They were built to last a long time and we use some of Romes routes today The roads were built to move the army from place to place

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Roman Roads (Input) Military engineers, architects, stonemasons, and surveyors traveled with the army Soldiers turned into road builders when not fighting All roads had the same pattern Straight A layer of large flat stones was laid in the bottom of the roadbed Smaller stones and gravel were laid on top The surface was covered with paving stone, crushed rock, or concrete Roads had a slight hump in the middle so that water would drain during storms

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Roman Roads (Input)

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Smooth all-weather roads were an improvement from dirt paths The roads sped up communication Messengers on horseback could travel up to 75 miles a day, making government and trade more efficient Roads made it possible for people to see the world

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Water Systems (Input) Roman engineers designed elaborate water systems to supply towns with clean water They built hundreds of miles of canals and aqueducts to move water from mountain springs to the plans below An aqueduct is a structure for carrying water across land Roman aqueducts looked like long bridges Water ran on one level in a covered channel. A second level served as a road Once in the city, water flowed in to lead pipes Some ran to the public fountains. Most people got their water from these sources

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Water Systems (Input) The wealthy had water piped into their homes Other pipes supplied public baths. In these bathhouses, heating systems under the floors supplied warm or hot water to different soaking pools They also built sewer systems to carry waste away from the cities No one could come up with a better sewer system until modern times

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Water Systems (Input)

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Science (Input) One important scientist of this time influenced how people viewed the universe for the next 1,200 years Greek astronomer and mathematician Claudius Ptolemy wrote a famous book on astronomy called Almagest where he used mathematics to show that earth is the center of the universe The sun, moon, and other planets revolved around the Earth according to him (not true but believed for centuries) A popular scholar named Hypatia was a teacher of philosophy, astronomy, mathematics, and religion

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Science (Input) Many Christians were suspicious of science and rumor has it Hypatia was murdered by a Christian mob She is remembered as the first woman to be noted for excellence in mathematics

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Medicine (Input) During the rule of Caesars, physicians continued to make advances in medicine The best known physician in the Roman Empire was a Greek doctor named Claudius Galen Early on his patients were gladiators Later he became the physician of three emperors Galen is remembered today for his use of experiments to expand medical knowledge He carefully dissected, or cut open, animals such as monkeys, pigs, sheep, and goats to study how bodies function

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Medicine (Input) He was the first to discover that arteries and veins carry blood, not air, as had been believed for hundreds of years Doctors used Galens writings on anatomy for more than a thousand years

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Check for Understanding Please determine the BEST answer for the following question. Please write your answer on your white boards and wait for the teachers signal. On the teachers signal, hold up your white boards.

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Checking for Understanding #1 Fill in the blank _______________ a structure for carrying water across land aqueduct

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Checking for Understanding #2 Answer the following question. What innovation did the Romans come up with to help them with architecture? The Romans invented concrete, which was easier to work with than stone

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Checking for Understanding #3 Answer the following question. Which important scientist influenced how people viewed the universe? Claudius Ptolemy influenced how people view the universe

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Guided Practice/Independent Practice Guided Practice Complete questions 1 - 2 on the reading comprehension worksheet. Raise your hand and wait to get stamped. If you received an R go to the back table with Ms. Graham. Independent Practice Once you have been stamped moved to independent practice and complete numbers 3 and 4 on the reading comprehension worksheet. Homework Note-taking guide on the reverse side.